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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vetpatol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринарная патология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-4826</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2949-4826-2024-23-1-41-50</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">ZMJODS</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vetpatol-1960</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Патология животных, морфология, физиология, фармакология и токсикология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Animal pathology, morphology, physiology, pharmacology and toxicology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнение эффективности различных анестезиологических протоколов при проведении кесарева сечения у собак</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparing the Efficacy of Various Anaesthesia Protocols for Caesarean Section in Dogs</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8946-268X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атаманчук</surname><given-names>Е. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Atamanchuk</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Егор Борисович Атаманчук, аспирант </p><p>344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, д. 1 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Egor B. Atamanchuk, Ph.D. Student </p><p>1, Gagarin Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">snakeice89@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шебеко</surname><given-names>С. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shebeko</surname><given-names>S. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Константинович Шебеко, доктор фармацевтических наук, профессор </p><p>344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, д. 1 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sergey K. Shebeko, Dr.Sci. (Pharmaceutical Sciences), Professor </p><p>1, Gagarin Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shebeko_sk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9834-3989</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ермаков</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ermakov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексей Михайлович Ермаков, доктор биологических наук, профессор </p><p>344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, д. 1 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexey M. Ermakov, Dr.Sci. (Biology), Professor </p><p>1, Gagarin Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">amermakov@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Донской государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Don State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>23</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>41</fpage><lpage>50</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Атаманчук Е.Б., Шебеко С.К., Ермаков А.М., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Атаманчук Е.Б., Шебеко С.К., Ермаков А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Atamanchuk E.B., Shebeko S.K., Ermakov A.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/1960">https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/1960</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Кесарево сечение ассоциировано с частыми летальными исходами среди новорожденных щенков — до 30 %, в зависимости от выбора анестезиологического пособия и наличия отягощающих факторов. Правильный выбор препаратов и методики анестезии может существенно повлиять на клинические исходы. Ввиду отсутствия в России стандартизированного анестезиологического протокола при проведении кесарева сечения у собак, исследования в данном направлении являются весьма актуальными. Цель работы — сравнение по основным клиническим исходам (включая интра- и послеоперационные результаты, показатели летальности) трех вариантов анестезиологических протоколов при проведении родоразрешения собаки путем операции кесарево сечение и определение наиболее эффективного и безопасного для матери и щенков.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось на территории ветеринарной клиники г. Ростова-на-Дону в период с декабря 2021 г. по декабрь 2023 г. Было отобрано 63 беременных суки, соответствующих критериям включения-исключения в данный временной период. Животные были поделены на три группы: в первой группе проводили анестезиологическое пособие с помощью индукции пропофолом, интраоперационного ингаляционного наркоза севофлураном и эпидуральной анестезии лидокаином; во второй группе для индукции и поддержания наркоза применяли пропофол, использовали также местную анестезию лидокаином; третьей группе вводили пропофол и ингаляционный наркоз севофлураном, исключив эпидуральную анестезию. Контроль проводился по интраоперационным показателям, времени выхода из наркоза, послеоперационным показателям страха и боли, данным щенков по шкале Апгар, количеству выживших и летальных исходов в краткосрочном (30 минут) и среднесрочном (в течение суток) периодах.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Лучшие интра- и послеоперационные показатели, а также наивысший процент выживших щенков и наименьшее количество мертворождений продемонстрировали пациенты первой группы. Средние результаты отмечены в третьей группе. Самые низкие показатели деятельности сердечно-сосудистой и дыхательной систем интраоперационно и худшие результаты по гипоксии новорожденных щенков зафиксированы во второй группе исследуемых животных.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение. При определении наиболее эффективного анестезиологического пособия при проведении кесарева сечения у собак необходимо учитывать, что пропофол оказывает угнетающее действие на дыхательную и сердечно-сосудистую систему пациентов, поэтому использовать его в качестве поддерживающего наркоза весьма нежелательно. В отличие от пропофола, севофлуран не проникает через маточно-плацентарный барьер, не метаболизируется и способствует быстрому пробуждению суки от наркоза. Более того, щенки, появившиеся на свет при применении севофлурана, имеют самые высокие баллы по шкале Апгар. Эпидуральная анестезия лидокаином позволяет снизить послеоперационные болевые ощущения роженицы и благотворно сказывается на лактации. Применение эпидуральной анестезии может осложняться гипотензией, однако при предупреждающем использовании кристаллоидных растворов этот эффект нивелируется. Таким образом, оптимальным и предпочтительным при проведении кесарева сечения у собак является протокол с тройной анестезией: индукция пропофолом, эпидуральная анестезия лидокаином и ингаляция севофлураном для поддержания анестезии.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Caesarean section is attributed with frequent deaths among newborn puppies – up to 30%, depending on the chosen anaesthetic care and the presence of aggravating factors. The right choice of drugs and anaesthetic techniques can significantly affect the clinical outcomes. Because a standardised anaesthesia protocol for the caesarean section in dogs is missing in Russia, the research in this area is very relevant. The aim of the work is to compare three variants of the anaesthesia protocols across the basic clinical outcomes of a caesarean section delivery in a dog (including intra- and postoperative results, mortality rate) and to determine the most efficient and safe one for a bitch and puppies.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The research was conducted at the premises of Rostov-on-Don veterinary clinic in the period from December 2021 to December 2023. There were selected 63 pregnant bitches who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria at that period of time. The animals were divided into three groups: in the first group the anaesthetic care included induction with propofol, intraoperative inhalation anaesthesia with sevoflurane and epidural lidocaine anaesthesia; in the second group the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia was performed with propofol, alongside the local anaesthesia with lidocaine was administered; the third group was administered propofol and inhalation anaesthesia with sevoflurane, excluding epidural anaesthesia. Monitoring was carried out according to the intraoperative indicators, post-anaesthesia recovery time, postoperative indicators of fear and pain, Apgar scores in puppies, the number of survivors and deaths in the short-term (30 minutes) and medium-term (during the day) periods.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The best intra- and postoperative indicators as well as the highest percentage of surviving puppies and the smallest number of stillbirths were revealed in patients of the first group. Medium results were recorded in the third group. The lowest intraoperative indicators in the function of cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the worst results as of hypoxia in newborn puppies were recorded in the second group of studied animals.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusion. When determining the most efficient anaesthetic care for caesarean section in dogs, it should be borne in mind that propofol has a depressing effect on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems of patients, therefore its use is highly undesirable for the anaesthesia maintenance. Unlike propofol, sevoflurane does not penetrate the placenta barrier, is not metabolised and enables quick awakening of a bitch from anaesthesia. Moreover, in cases, when sevoflurane was used, the Apgar scores in the born puppies were the highest. Epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine reduces the postoperative pain of a bitch after caesarean section and has a positive effect on lactation. The use of epidural anaesthesia may be complicated with hypotension, however, the preventive use of crystalloid solutions, can mitigate this effect. Thus, the protocol with triple anaesthesia is optimal and preferable for caesarean section in dogs: induction with propofol, epidural anaesthesia with lidocaine and inhalation with sevoflurane to maintain anaesthesia.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>кесарево сечение</kwd><kwd>анестезиологический протокол</kwd><kwd>пропофол</kwd><kwd>севофлуран</kwd><kwd>лидокаин</kwd><kwd>новорожденные</kwd><kwd>щенки</kwd><kwd>шкала Апгар</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>caesarean section</kwd><kwd>anaesthesia protocol</kwd><kwd>propofol</kwd><kwd>sevoflurane</kwd><kwd>lidocaine</kwd><kwd>newborns</kwd><kwd>puppies</kwd><kwd>Apgar score</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schmidt K., Feng C., Wu T., Duke-Novakovski T. 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