<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vetpatol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринарная патология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-4826</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2949-4826-2025-24-1-23-30</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">IDJUZX</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vetpatol-2037</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Инфекционные болезни и иммунология животных</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Infectious diseases and animal immunology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Этиологическая структура лептоспироза собак: обзор научной литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Etiological Structure of Canine Leptospirosis: A Literature Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3120-9152</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зиновьева</surname><given-names>О. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zinovieva</surname><given-names>O. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ольга Евгеньевна Зиновьева, кандидат ветеринарных наук, научный сотрудник отдела серологии и лептоспироза</p><p>111622, г. Москва, ул. Оранжерейная, д. 23, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga E. Zinovieva, Cand.Sci. (Veterinary Sciences), Research Associate of the Serology and Leptospirosis Department</p><p>23, Building 2, Oranzhereynaya Str., Moscow, 111622</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">serology@cnmvl.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7330-6962</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зюзгина</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zyuzgina</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Светлана Викторовна Зюзгина, старший научный сотрудник отдела серологии и лептоспироза</p><p>111622, г. Москва, ул. Оранжерейная, д. 23, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana V. Zyuzgina, Senior Research Associate of the Serology and Leptospirosis Department</p><p>23, Building 2, Oranzhereynaya Str., Moscow, 111622</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zyuzginasveta@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванченко</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanchenko</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Александра Юрьевна Иванченко, ветеринарный врач отдела серологии и лептоспироза</p><p>111622, г. Москва, ул. Оранжерейная, д. 23, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Aleksandra Yu. Ivanchenko, Veterinarian of the Serology and Leptospirosis Department</p><p>23, Building 2, Oranzhereynaya Str., Moscow, 111622</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alex.iv1986@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3071-0225</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скворцова</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Skvortsova</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Скворцова Анастасия Николаевна, младший научный сотрудник отдела вирусологии</p><p>111622, г. Москва, ул. Оранжерейная, д. 23, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia N. Skvortsova, Junior Research Associate of the Serology and Leptospirosis Department</p><p>23, Building 2, Oranzhereynaya Str., Moscow, 111622</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nefedovi5748@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9167-2317</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лобова</surname><given-names>Т. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lobova</surname><given-names>T. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лобова Татьяна Петровна, кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела вирусологии</p><p>111622, г. Москва, ул. Оранжерейная, д. 23, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana P. Lobova, Cand.Sci.(Biology), Senior Research Associate of the Virology Department</p><p>23, Building 2, Oranzhereynaya Str., Moscow, 111622</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.lobova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральный центр охраны здоровья животных (ИЦНМВЛ ФГБУ «ВНИИЗЖ»)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Center for Animal Health (FGBI “ARRIAH”)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>23</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Зиновьева О.Е., Зюзгина С.В., Иванченко А.Ю., Скворцова А.Н., Лобова Т.П., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Зиновьева О.Е., Зюзгина С.В., Иванченко А.Ю., Скворцова А.Н., Лобова Т.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zinovieva O.E., Zyuzgina S.V., Ivanchenko A.Y., Skvortsova A.N., Lobova T.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/2037">https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/2037</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Одним из наиболее часто регистрируемых заболеваний у животных-компаньонов является лептоспироз — зоонозная природно-очаговая инфекция, вызываемая бактериями рода Leptospira и представляющая опасность для человека. Основными резервуарами спирохет в дикой фауне являются грызуны и насекомоядные, а в антропургических очагах — домашние животные и сельскохозяйственный скот. Лептоспироз распространен во всем мире, и несмотря на ежегодно проводимые профилактические мероприятия, случаи выявления заболевания в популяциях восприимчивых животных продолжают регистрироваться повсеместно. Для эффективной борьбы с распространением инфекции требуется максимально полное понимание этиологической структуры лептоспироза. Цель данного обзора — обобщение и анализ отечественных и зарубежных научных данных о возбудителях лептоспироза у собак и этиологической структуре заболевания.Материалы и методы. Поиск исследований проводился в базах данных электронных библиотек и журналов (NCBI, ResearchGate, Springer и др) по ключевым словам: лептоспироз, собака, реакция микроагглютинации, серогруппа, серовар. Использовались источники, опубликованные за последние 10 лет, на русском и английском языках. Результаты представлены в виде блок-схемы PRISMA и таблицы.Результаты исследования. Проведенный анализ распространения лептоспироза среди собак в разных регионах мира свидетельствует об общем неблагополучии ситуации. Анализ этиологической структуры заболевания показал наличие различных серогрупп и сероваров в зависимости от географического региона, климата и истории вакцинации животных.Обсуждение и заключение. Понимание реальной эпизоотической картины лептоспироза собак имеет важное значение не только для ветеринарии, но и для гуманитарной медицины. Для разработки и внедрения эффективных превентивных мер необходим постоянный контроль заболевания и проведение лабораторных исследований, включающих помимо серологического мониторинга лептоспироза выделение новых изолятов лептоспир во время вспышек заболевания. Это будет отображать полную картину инфекционного процесса и позволит моделировать новые иммуноспецифические препараты для борьбы с болезнью.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. One of the diseases most frequently registered in companion animals is leptospirosis, a natural focal zoonotic infection caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira, dangerous to humans. The main reservoirs hosts for spirochetes in wild fauna are rodents and insectivores, and in anthropurgic foci – domestic animals and cattle. Leptospirosis is widespread throughout the world, and despite the annual preventive measures, cases of disease in populations of susceptible animals continue to be detected and registered everywhere. To effectively combat the spread of infection, the comprehensive understanding of the etiological structure of leptospirosis is required. The aim of the present review is to summarise and analyse the data in native and foreign scientific papers on the causative agents of canine leptospirosis and the etiological structure of the disease.Materials and Methods. The search for the papers was carried out in databases of electronic libraries and journals (NCBI, ResearchGate, Springer, etc.) using the keywords: leptospirosis, dog, microagglutination test, serogroup, serovar. Papers published during the last 10 years in Russian and English were studied. The results were presented in a PRISMA flow chart and a table.Results. The conducted analysis of the prevalence of leptospirosis among dogs in different regions of the world indicates a generally adverse situation. The analysis of the etiological structure of the disease has revealed the presence of different serogroups and serovars depending on the geographical region, climate and vaccination history of animals.Discussion and Conclusion. Understanding the real epizootic situation on canine leptospirosis is important not only for veterinary medicine, but for humanitarian medicine as well. Development and implementation of efficient preventive measures require constant disease monitoring and laboratory research, which includes, in addition to serological surveillance of leptospirosis, detection of the new leptospira isolates during disease outbreaks. This will reveal a complete picture of the infectious process and will enable modeling the new specific immune preparations for combating the disease.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>лептоспироз</kwd><kwd>реакция микроагглютинации</kwd><kwd>серогруппа</kwd><kwd>серовар</kwd><kwd>этиологическая структура</kwd><kwd>собака</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>leptospirosis</kwd><kwd>microagglutination test</kwd><kwd>serogroup</kwd><kwd>serovar</kwd><kwd>etiologic structure</kwd><kwd>dog</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">обзор проводился в рамках выполнения НИР: «Разработка методики по лабораторному контролю и оценке уровня антител у вакцинированных против лептоспироза животных».</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The review was conducted as part of the research project: “Development of a methodology for laboratory monitoring and assessment of antibody levels in animals vaccinated against leptospirosis.”</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smith AM, Stull JW, Moor GE. Potential Drivers for the Re-Emergence of Canine Leptospirosis in the United States and Canada. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022;7(11):377. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7110377</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smith AM, Stull JW, Moor GE. Potential Drivers for the Re-Emergence of Canine Leptospirosis in the United States and Canada. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2022;7(11):377. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7110377</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Соболева Г.Л., Ананьина Ю.В., Непоклонова И.В. Актуальные вопросы лептоспироза людей и животных. Российский ветеринарный журнал. 2017;(8):14–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Soboleva GL, Ananyina YuV, Nepoklonova IV. Actual Problems of Human and Animal Leptospirosis. Russian Veterinary Journal. 2017;(8):14–18. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klaasen H, Adler B. Recent Advances in Canine Leptospirosis: Focus on Vaccine Development. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports. 2015;6:245–260. https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S59521</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klaasen H, Adler B. Recent Advances in Canine Leptospirosis: Focus on Vaccine Development. Veterinary Medicine: Research and Reports. 2015;6:245–260. https://doi.org/10.2147/VMRR.S59521</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fabiani A, Dal Bo E, Di Bella S, Gabrielli M, Bologna A, Albert U, et al. Pica (Allotriophagy): An Underestimated Risk Factor for Severe Leptospirosis (Weil’s Diseases)? Report of a Leptospira Septic Shock Successfully Managed with ECMO. Infectious Disease Reports. 2021;13(3):619–626. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr1303005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fabiani A, Dal Bo E, Di Bella S, Gabrielli M, Bologna A, Albert U, et al. Pica (Allotriophagy): An Underestimated Risk Factor for Severe Leptospirosis (Weil’s Diseases)? Report of a Leptospira Septic Shock Successfully Managed with ECMO. Infectious Disease Reports. 2021;13(3):619–626. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr1303005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sykes JE, Francey T, Schuller S, Stoddard RA, Cowgill LD, Mooreet GE. Updated ACVIM Consensus Statement on Leptospirosis in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2023;37(6):1966–1982. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16903</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sykes JE, Francey T, Schuller S, Stoddard RA, Cowgill LD, Mooreet GE. Updated ACVIM Consensus Statement on Leptospirosis in Dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2023;37(6):1966–1982. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16903</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Senthilkumar K, Tirumurugaan KG, Ravikumar G. Understanding the Seroepidemiology of Canine Leptospirosis in Tamil Nadu: Need for Inclusion of Additional Serovars in Dog Vaccines. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management. 2023;14(1), 075–082. https://doi.org/10.23910/1.2023.3341</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Senthilkumar K, Tirumurugaan KG, Ravikumar G. Understanding the Seroepidemiology of Canine Leptospirosis in Tamil Nadu: Need for Inclusion of Additional Serovars in Dog Vaccines. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management. 2023;14(1), 075–082. https://doi.org/10.23910/1.2023.3341</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kanthala S, Patel DR, Balamurugan V, Makwana PM, Parasana DK, et al. Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Canine Leptospirosis in and around Navsari, South Gujarat, India. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology. 2023;19(3):58–64. https://doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.19.3.13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kanthala S, Patel DR, Balamurugan V, Makwana PM, Parasana DK, et al. Seroprevalence and Molecular Detection of Canine Leptospirosis in and around Navsari, South Gujarat, India. The Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology. 2023;19(3):58–64. https://doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.19.3.13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grippi F, Cannella V, Macaluso G, Blanda V, Emmolo G, Santangelo F, et al. Serological and Molecular Evidence of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Stray Dogs and Cats of Sicily (South Italy) 2017–2021. Microorganisms. 2023;11(2):385. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020385</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grippi F, Cannella V, Macaluso G, Blanda V, Emmolo G, Santangelo F, et al. Serological and Molecular Evidence of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in Stray Dogs and Cats of Sicily (South Italy) 2017–2021. Microorganisms. 2023;11(2):385. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11020385</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balboni A, Mazzotta E, Boniotti MB, Bertasio C, Bellinati L, Lucchese L, et al. Outbreak of Leptospira Borgpetersenii Serogroup Sejroe Infection in Kennel: The Role of Dogs as Sentinel in Specific Environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(7):3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073906</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balboni A, Mazzotta E, Boniotti MB, Bertasio C, Bellinati L, Lucchese L, et al. Outbreak of Leptospira Borgpetersenii Serogroup Sejroe Infection in Kennel: The Role of Dogs as Sentinel in Specific Environments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022;19(7):3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19073906</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Piredda I, Ponti MN, Piras A, Palmas B, Pintore P, Pedditziet A, et al. New Insights on Leptospira Infections in a Canine Population from North Sardinia, Italy: A Sero-Epidemiological Study. Biology. 2021;10(6):507. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10060507</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Piredda I, Ponti MN, Piras A, Palmas B, Pintore P, Pedditziet A, et al. New Insights on Leptospira Infections in a Canine Population from North Sardinia, Italy: A Sero-Epidemiological Study. Biology. 2021;10(6):507. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10060507</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ding Y, Zhang W, Xie X, Zhang S, Song N, Liu Z, et al. Seroepidemiological Analysis of Canine Leptospira Species Infections in Changchun, China. Pathogens. 2023;12(7):930. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070930</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ding Y, Zhang W, Xie X, Zhang S, Song N, Liu Z, et al. Seroepidemiological Analysis of Canine Leptospira Species Infections in Changchun, China. Pathogens. 2023;12(7):930. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12070930</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Altheimer K, Jongwattanapisan P, Luengyosluechakul S, Pusoonthornthum R, Prapasarakul N, Kurilung A, et al. Leptospira Infection and Shedding in Dogs in Thailand. BMC Veterinary Research. 2020;16:89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-2230-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Altheimer K, Jongwattanapisan P, Luengyosluechakul S, Pusoonthornthum R, Prapasarakul N, Kurilung A, et al. Leptospira Infection and Shedding in Dogs in Thailand. BMC Veterinary Research. 2020;16:89. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-2230-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kurilung A, Perreten V, Prapasarakul N. Comparative Genomic Analysis and A Novel Set of Missense Mutation of the Leptospira Weilii Serogroup Mini from the Urine of Asymptomatic Dogs in Thailand. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021;12:731937. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.731937</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurilung A, Perreten V, Prapasarakul N. Comparative Genomic Analysis and A Novel Set of Missense Mutation of the Leptospira Weilii Serogroup Mini from the Urine of Asymptomatic Dogs in Thailand. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2021;12:731937. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.731937</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koizumi N, Muto MM, Akachi S, Okano S, Yamamoto S, Horikawa K, et al. Molecular and Serological Investigation of Leptospira and Leptospirosis in Dogs in Japan. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2013;62(4):630–636. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.050039-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koizumi N, Muto MM, Akachi S, Okano S, Yamamoto S, Horikawa K, et al. Molecular and Serological Investigation of Leptospira and Leptospirosis in Dogs in Japan. Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2013;62(4):630–636. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.050039-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saeki J, Tanaka A. Canine Leptospirosis Outbreak in Japan. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021;8:763859. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.763859</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saeki J, Tanaka A. Canine Leptospirosis Outbreak in Japan. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021;8:763859. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.763859</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Esteves SB, Santos CM, Silva BCS, Salgado FF, Guilloux AGA, Cortez A. Time for Change? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Leptospires Infecting Dogs to Assess Vaccine Compatibility in Brazil. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2023;213:105869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105869</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Esteves SB, Santos CM, Silva BCS, Salgado FF, Guilloux AGA, Cortez A. Time for Change? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Leptospires Infecting Dogs to Assess Vaccine Compatibility in Brazil. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2023;213:105869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105869</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miotto BA, Guilloux AGA, Tozzi BF, Moreno LZ, da Hora AS, Dias RA, et al. Prospective Study of Canine Leptospirosis in Shelter and Stray Dog Populations: Identification of Chronic Carriers and Different Leptospira Species Infecting Dogs. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(7):e0200384. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200384</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miotto BA, Guilloux AGA, Tozzi BF, Moreno LZ, da Hora AS, Dias RA, et al. Prospective Study of Canine Leptospirosis in Shelter and Stray Dog Populations: Identification of Chronic Carriers and Different Leptospira Species Infecting Dogs. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(7):e0200384. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200384</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">López MC, Vila A, Rodón, J, Roura X. Leptospira Seroprevalence in Owned Dogs from Spain. Heliyon. 2019;5(8):e02373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02373</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">López MC, Vila A, Rodón, J, Roura X. Leptospira Seroprevalence in Owned Dogs from Spain. Heliyon. 2019;5(8):e02373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02373</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahman SA, Khor KH, Khairani-Bejo S, Lau SF, Mazlan M, Roslan A, et al. Detection and Characterization of Leptospira Spp. in Dogs Diagnosed with Kidney and/or Liver Disease in Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2021;33(5) 834–843. https://doi.org/10.1177/10406387211024575</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahman SA, Khor KH, Khairani-Bejo S, Lau SF, Mazlan M, Roslan A, et al. Detection and Characterization of Leptospira Spp. in Dogs Diagnosed with Kidney and/or Liver Disease in Selangor, Malaysia. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2021;33(5) 834–843. https://doi.org/10.1177/10406387211024575</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scahill K, Windahl U, Boqvist S, Pelander L. Leptospira Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Healthy Swedish Dogs. BMC Veterinary Research. 2022;18:376. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03472-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scahill K, Windahl U, Boqvist S, Pelander L. Leptospira Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Healthy Swedish Dogs. BMC Veterinary Research. 2022;18:376. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03472-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vázquez-Manzanilla CA, Cárdenas-Marrufo MF, Gutiérrez-Blanco E, Jiménez-Coello M, Pech-Sosa NR, OrtegaPachecoet A. Clinical Features of Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs with the Serological Presence of Leptospira Spp., Ehrlichia Canis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Animal Diseases. 2023;3:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44149-023-00103-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vázquez-Manzanilla CA, Cárdenas-Marrufo MF, Gutiérrez-Blanco E, Jiménez-Coello M, Pech-Sosa NR, OrtegaPachecoet A. Clinical Features of Chronic Kidney Disease in Dogs with the Serological Presence of Leptospira Spp., Ehrlichia Canis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Animal Diseases. 2023;3:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44149-023-00103-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">LindtnerKnific R, Ćutuk A, Gračner GG, Dovč A. Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in Various Categories of Dogs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Veterinarski arhiv. 2019;89(5): 627–640. https://doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.0407</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">LindtnerKnific R, Ćutuk A, Gračner GG, Dovč A. Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis in Various Categories of Dogs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Veterinarski arhiv. 2019;89(5): 627–640. https://doi.org/10.24099/vet.arhiv.0407</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зюзгина С.В., Зиновьева О.Е., Белоусов В.И. Этиологическая структура лептоспироза собак. В: Сборник трудов научно-практической конференции. Актуальные проблемы ветеринарной медицины, зоотехнии, биотехнологии и экспертизы сырья и продуктов животного происхождения. Под общей редакцией С.В. Позябина, Л.А. Гнездиловой. Москва: Сельскохозяйственные технологии; 2022. С. 165–166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zyuzgina SV, Zinovieva OE, Belousov VI. Etiological Structure of Canine Leptospirosis. In: Proceedings of the Scientific and Practical Conference “Actual Problems of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Husbandry, Biotechnology and Examination of Raw Materials and Products of Animal Origin”. Pozyabin SV, Gnezdilova LA (Eds). Moscow: Sel'skokhozyaistvennye tekhnologii Publ.; 2022. P. 165–166.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
