<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vetpatol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринарная патология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-4826</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2949-4826-2025-24-1-39-48</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">UZIZNK</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vetpatol-2039</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Инфекционные болезни и иммунология животных</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Infectious diseases and animal immunology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Микробиоценоз влагалища у новотельных коров в климатических условиях Удмуртии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vaginal Microbiocenosis of Newly-calved Cows in Climatic Conditions of Udmurtia</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8886-203X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Князева</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Knyazeva</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мария Владимировна Князева, кандидат ветеринарных наук, доцент кафедры анатомии и физиологии</p><p>426069, Удмуртская Республика, г. Ижевск, ул. Студенческая, д. 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Maria V. Knyazeva, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Associate Professor of the Anatomy and Physiology Department</p><p>11, Studencheskaya Str., Izhevsk, 426069</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mbIsharik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4169-3934</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабинцева</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Babintseva</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Викторовна Бабинцева, кандидат ветеринарных наук, доцент кафедры эпизоотологии и ветеринарно-санитарной экспертизы</p><p>426069, Удмуртская Республика, г. Ижевск, ул. Студенческая, д. 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatyana V. Babintseva, Cand. Sci. (Veterinary Medicine), Associate Professor of the Epizootology, Veterinary and Sanitary Inspection Department</p><p>11, Studencheskaya Str., Izhevsk, 426069</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ariadna-357@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7400-4629</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильин</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilyin</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгений Васильевич Ильин, аспирант кафедры анатомии и физиологии</p><p>426069, Удмуртская Республика, г. Ижевск, ул. Студенческая, д. 11</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgenii V. Ilyin, Postgraduate Student of the Anatomy and Physiology Department</p><p>11, Studencheskaya Str., Izhevsk, 426069</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eugenevet11@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Удмуртский государственный аграрный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Udmurt State Agricultural University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>39</fpage><lpage>48</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Князева М.В., Бабинцева Т.В., Ильин Е.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Князева М.В., Бабинцева Т.В., Ильин Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Knyazeva M.V., Babintseva T.V., Ilyin E.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/2039">https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/2039</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Высокое распространение воспалительных процессов в организме новотельных коров, а также неконтролируемое использование антибактериальных средств и рост резистентности к ним у возбудителей заболеваний вынуждает исследователей продолжать искать новые методы и средства профилактики и лечения. Одним из важных направлений в этой области является изучение конкурентных взаимодействий микрофлоры животных. При анализе различных научных источников установлено влияние множества факторов на формирование бактериальных сообществ в половом тракте коров, поэтому нашим научным интересом стало изучение микробиома влагалища у новотельных коров в климатических условиях Удмуртской Республики с учетом их физиологического статуса и сезонности.Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на животноводческом предприятии Удмуртской Республики в 2023–2024 гг. Объектом послужили 12 новотельных коров черно-пестрой голштинизированной породы с разным физиологическим статусом: здоровые коровы и животные с диагнозом метрит. При проведении исследования использовали комплекс методов: вагинальное исследование коров, микробиологическое исследование влагалищных смывов по общепринятой методике.Результаты исследования. У клинически здоровых новотельных коров общее количество микроорганизмов находилось в пределах 87–94 КОЕ/мл, у больных метритом коров данный показатель варьировался в пределах 90–443 КОЕ/мл. При проведении микробиологического исследования влагалища у всех опытных животных выявлена ассоциация микрофлоры, представленная кишечной палочкой, стафилококком и бифидобактериями. В летний период у больных животных выявлено большое количество E. сoli, тогда как в зимний период обнаружили преимущественно бактерии рода Staphylococcus. В результате конкурентных взаимоотношений между бифидобактериями и условно-патогенной микрофлорой во влагалище, в летний период количество представителей семейства Bifidobacteriaceae незначительно (101) или полностью отсутствует.Обсуждение и заключение. Установлена взаимосвязь между клиническим статусом и сезонностью вагинальной микрофлоры у новотельных коров, выращиваемых в климатических условиях Удмуртии. Для разработки эффективных пробиотических препаратов для профилактики цервицита и метрита у коров необходимы дальнейшие научные исследования.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. The high prevalence of inflammatory processes in the organism of newly-calved cows, as well as the uncontrolled use of antibacterial preparations and growing number of drug-resistant pathogens, encourage researchers to continue search for the new methods and means of disease prevention and treatment. One of the important directions in this field is studying the competitive interactions within microbiota of animals. Analysis of different scientific sources allows us to conclude that, in the genital tract of cows, bacterial communities are formed under the influence of many factors, therefore our scientific interest is to study the vaginal microbiome of newly-calved cows in the climatic conditions of the Udmurt Republic, taking into account the seasonality and cow physiological state.Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in 2023–2024 at the livestock farming enterprise of the Udmurt Republic. The objects of the study were 12 newly-calved Holsteinized black-and-white breed cows in different physiological state: healthy cows and animals diagnosed with metritis. The study was conducted using a number of methods: vaginal examination of cows, microbiological examination of vaginal flush samples using the conventional method.Results. In clinically healthy newly-calved cows, the total number of microorganisms was within 87–94 CFU/ml, while in cows with metritis, this indicator varied within 90–443 CFU/ml. During the microbiological examination of the vaginal samples, the composition of collibacillus, staphylococcus, and bifidobacteria was found in microbiota of all experimental animals. In summer, a large number of E. coli were detected in sick animals, while in winter mainly bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus were found. As a result of competitive interactions between bifidobacteria and opportunistic microbiota in the vagina, in summer, the number of the Bifidobacteriaceae family representatives was insignificant (101) or completely absent.Discussion and Conclusion. A correlation between the clinical status and seasonality of vaginal microbiota in newlycalved cows raised in the climatic conditions of Udmurtia was found. Further scientific research is needed to develop the efficient probiotic preparations preventing cervicitis and metritis in cows.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>влагалище</kwd><kwd>микробиоценоз</kwd><kwd>коровы</kwd><kwd>бифидобактерии</kwd><kwd>сезонность</kwd><kwd>микрофлора влагалища</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vagina</kwd><kwd>microbiocenosis</kwd><kwd>cows</kwd><kwd>bifidobacteria</kwd><kwd>seasonality</kwd><kwd>vaginal microbiota</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheldon I, Owens SE. Postpartum Uterine Infection and Endometritis in Dairy Cattle. Animal Reproduction. 2017;14(3):622–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR1006 https://doi/10.21451/1984-3143-AR1006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheldon I, Owens SE. Postpartum Uterine Infection and Endometritis in Dairy Cattle. Animal Reproduction. 2017;14(3):622–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.21451/1984-3143-AR1006 https://doi/10.21451/1984-3143-AR1006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rosales EB, Ametaj BN. Reproductive Tract Infections in Dairy Cows: Can Probiotics Curb Down the Incidence Rate? Dairy. 2021;2(1):40–64. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2010004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rosales EB, Ametaj BN. Reproductive Tract Infections in Dairy Cows: Can Probiotics Curb Down the Incidence Rate? Dairy. 2021;2(1):40–64. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2010004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonzalez MC, Torres LA, Oliszewski R, Rosa RJ, Otero MC. Characterization of Native Escherichia Coli Populations from Bovine Vagina of Healthy Heifers and Cows with Postpartum Uterine Disease. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(6):e0228294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228294</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonzalez MC, Torres LA, Oliszewski R, Rosa RJ, Otero MC. Characterization of Native Escherichia Coli Populations from Bovine Vagina of Healthy Heifers and Cows with Postpartum Uterine Disease. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(6):e0228294. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228294</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Srinivasan M, Adnane M, Archunan G. Significance of Cervico-Vaginal Microbes in Bovine Reproduction and Pheromone Production – A Hypothetical Review. Research in Veterinary Science. 2021;135:66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Srinivasan M, Adnane M, Archunan G. Significance of Cervico-Vaginal Microbes in Bovine Reproduction and Pheromone Production – A Hypothetical Review. Research in Veterinary Science. 2021;135:66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.01.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quereda JJ, Barba M, Mocé ML, Gomis J, Jiménez-Trigos E, García-Muñoz Á, et al. Vaginal Microbiota Changes during Estrous Cycle in Dairy Heifers. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;7:371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00371</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quereda JJ, Barba M, Mocé ML, Gomis J, Jiménez-Trigos E, García-Muñoz Á, et al. Vaginal Microbiota Changes during Estrous Cycle in Dairy Heifers. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020;7:371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00371</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Messman RD, Contreras-Correa ZE, Paz HA, Perry G, Lemley CO. Vaginal Bacterial Community Composition and Concentrations of Estradiol at the Time of Artificial Insemination in Brangus Heifers. Journal of Animal Science. 2020;98(6): skaa178. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa178</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Messman RD, Contreras-Correa ZE, Paz HA, Perry G, Lemley CO. Vaginal Bacterial Community Composition and Concentrations of Estradiol at the Time of Artificial Insemination in Brangus Heifers. Journal of Animal Science. 2020;98(6): skaa178. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa178</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miranda-CasoLuengo R, Lu J, Williams EJ, Miranda-CasoLuengo AA, Carrington SD, Evans ACO, et al. Delayed Differentiation of Vaginal and Uterine Microbiomes in Dairy Cows Developing Postpartum Endometritis. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(1):e0200974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200974</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miranda-CasoLuengo R, Lu J, Williams EJ, Miranda-CasoLuengo AA, Carrington SD, Evans ACO, et al. Delayed Differentiation of Vaginal and Uterine Microbiomes in Dairy Cows Developing Postpartum Endometritis. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(1):e0200974. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200974</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малик Н.И., Малик Е.В., Маленкова Л.А., Русанов И.А., Гагаева Е.А. Изоляция, идентификация и пробиотические свойства влагалищных изолятов молочнокислых бактерий здоровых сухостойных коров. Аграрная наука. 2021;(10):27–31. https://doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2021-353-10-27-31</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malik NI, Malik EV, Malenkova JA, Rusanov IA, Gagaeva EA. Isolation, Identification and Probiotic Properties of Vaginal Isolates of Lactic Acid Bacteria of Healthy Slaughter Cows. Agrarian Science. 2021;(10):27–31. https://doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2021-353-10-27-31 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bicalho MLS, Santin T, Rodrigues MX, Marques CE, Lima SF, Bicalho RC. Dynamics Of the Microbiota Found in the Vaginas of Dairy Cows during the Transition Period: Associations with Uterine Diseases and Reproductive Outcome. Journal of Dairy Science. 2017;100:3043–3058. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11623</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bicalho MLS, Santin T, Rodrigues MX, Marques CE, Lima SF, Bicalho RC. Dynamics Of the Microbiota Found in the Vaginas of Dairy Cows during the Transition Period: Associations with Uterine Diseases and Reproductive Outcome. Journal of Dairy Science. 2017;100:3043–3058. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-11623</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аdnane М, Chapwanya А. A Review of the Diversity of the Genital Tract Micrbiome and Implications for Fertility of Cattle. Animals. 2022;12(4):460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040460</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Аdnane М, Chapwanya А. A Review of the Diversity of the Genital Tract Micrbiome and Implications for Fertility of Cattle. Animals. 2022;12(4):460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12040460</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mariadassou M, Nouvel LX, Constant F, Morgavi DP, Rault L, Barbey S, et al. Microbiota Members from Body Sites of Dairy Cows are Largely Shared within Individual Hosts throughout Lactation but Sharing is Limited in The Herd. Animal Microbiome. 2023;5:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-023-00252-w</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mariadassou M, Nouvel LX, Constant F, Morgavi DP, Rault L, Barbey S, et al. Microbiota Members from Body Sites of Dairy Cows are Largely Shared within Individual Hosts throughout Lactation but Sharing is Limited in The Herd. Animal Microbiome. 2023;5:32. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-023-00252-w</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Appiah М.О., Wang J., Lu W. Microflora in the Reproductive Tract of Cattle: A Review. Agriculture. 2020;10(6):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060232</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Appiah М.О., Wang J., Lu W. Microflora in the Reproductive Tract of Cattle: A Review. Agriculture. 2020;10(6):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10060232</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheng C, Tian Q, Su S, Zhang H, Guo H, Gao P, et al. Isolation and Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains with Antibacterial Properties from the Vagina of Healthy Cows. Open Journal of Animal Sciences. 2022;12(3):390–406. https://doi/10.4236/ojas.2022.123030</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheng C, Tian Q, Su S, Zhang H, Guo H, Gao P, et al. Isolation and Screening of Lactic Acid Bacteria Strains with Antibacterial Properties from the Vagina of Healthy Cows. Open Journal of Animal Sciences. 2022;12(3):390–406. https://doi/10.4236/ojas.2022.123030</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Коба И.С., Новикова Е.Н. Сравнение схем профилактики эндометритов у коров с применением антибиотиков и пробиотиков. Ветеринарный фармакологический вестник. 2019;(1(6)):19–24. https://doi.org/10.17238/issn2541-8203.2019.1.19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koba IS, Novikova EN. Comparison of Schemes of Prevention of Endometritises at Cows with Use of Antibiotics and Probiotics. Veterinarnyi farmakologicheskii vestnik (Veterinary Pharmacological Bulletin). 2019;(1(6)):19–24. https://doi.org/10.17238/issn2541-8203.2019.1.19 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузьмин В.Н., Стома И.О., Адамян Л.В. Микробиом в акушерстве и гинекологии: переоценка взглядов на микробное сообщество репродуктивной системы. Инфекционные болезни: новости, мнения, обучение. 2020;9(2):94–98. https://doi.org/10.33029/2305-3496-2020-9-2-94-98</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuzmin VN, Stoma IO, Adamyan LV. Microbiome in Obstetrics and Gynecology: A Reassessment of Views on the Microbial Community of the Reproductive System. Infectious Diseases: News, Opinions, Training. 2020;9(2):94–98. https://doi.org/10.33029/2305-3496-2020-9-2-94-98 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">García-Galán A, Dela Fe C, Gomis J, Bataller E, Sanchez A, Quereda JJ, et al. The Addition of Lactobacillus Spp. Negatively Affects Mycoplasma Bovis Viability in Bovine Cervical Mucus. BMC Veterinary Research. 2020;16:251. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02454-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">García-Galán A, Dela Fe C, Gomis J, Bataller E, Sanchez A, Quereda JJ, et al. The Addition of Lactobacillus Spp. Negatively Affects Mycoplasma Bovis Viability in Bovine Cervical Mucus. BMC Veterinary Research. 2020;16:251. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02454-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попов Д.В. Микробиота и репродукция у сельскохозяйственных видов млекопитающих (обзор). Сельскохозяйственная биология. 2022;57(2):222–236. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2022.2.222rus</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popov DV. Microbiota and Reproduction in Agricultural Mammals (Review). Agricultural Biology. 2022;57(2):222–236. https://doi.org/10.15389/agrobiology.2022.2.222rus (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ермоленко Е.И., Пунченко О.Е., Воропаева Л.С., Сварваль А.В., Котылева М.П., Суворов А.Н. Пробиотики и аутопробиотики в терапии экспериментального вагинита. Антибиотики и химиотерапия. 2022;67(11–12):29–35. https://doi.org/10.37489/0235-2990-2022-67-11-12-29-35</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ermoolenko EI, Punchenko OE, Voropaeva LS, Swarwal AV, Kotyleva MP, Suvorov AN. Probiotics and Autoprobiotics in the Treatment of Experimental Vaginitis. Antibiotics and Chemotherapy. 2022;67(11–12):29–35. https://doi.org/10.37489/0235-2990-2022-67-11-12-29-35 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захарова Ю.В., Леванова Л.А. Современные представления о таксономии, морфологических и функциональных свойствах бифидобактерий. Фундаментальная и клиническая медицина. 2018;3(1):90–101. https://doi/10.23946/2500-0764-2018-3-1-90-101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharova YuV, Levanova LA. Current Opinion on Taxonomy, Morphological, and Functional Properties of Bifidobacteria. Fundamental and Clinical Medicine. 2018;3(1):90–101. https://doi/10.23946/2500-0764-2018-3-1-90-101 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Функ И.А., Иркитова А.Н. Биотехнологический потенциал бифидобактерий. Acta Biologica Sibirica. 2016;2(4):67–79. http://doi.org/10.14258/abs.v2i4.1707</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Funk IA, Irkitova AN. Biotechnological Potential of Bifidobacteria. Acta Biologica Sibirica. 2016;2(4):67–79. http://doi.org/10.14258/abs.v2i4.1707 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Паршин П.А., Востроилова Г.А., Бригадиров Ю.Н., Шапошников И.Т., Жуков М.С., Манжурина О.А. и др. Микробный пейзаж половых путей здоровых коров с различным сроком стельности. Международный вестник ветеринарии. 2023;(4):431–437. https://doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2023.4.431</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parshin PA, Vostroilova GA, Brigadirov YuN, Shaposhnikov IT, Zhukov MS, Manzhurina OA, et al. The Microbial Landscape of the Genital Tract of Healthy Cows with Different Gestation Periods. International Journal of Veterinary Medicine. 2023;(4):431–437. https://doi.org/10.52419/issn2072-2419.2023.4.431 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clemmons BA, Reese ST, Dantas FG, Franco GA, Smith TPL, Adeyosoye OI, et al. Vaginal and Uterine Bacterial Communities in Postpartum Lactating Cows. Frontiers of Microbiology. 2017;8:1047. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clemmons BA, Reese ST, Dantas FG, Franco GA, Smith TPL, Adeyosoye OI, et al. Vaginal and Uterine Bacterial Communities in Postpartum Lactating Cows. Frontiers of Microbiology. 2017;8:1047. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
