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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vetpatol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринарная патология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-4826</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2949-4826-2025-24-2-19-28</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">HPMRMX</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vetpatol-2056</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПАТОЛОГИЯ ЖИВОТНЫХ, МОРФОЛОГИЯ, ФИЗИОЛОГИЯ, ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯ И ТОКСИКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ANIMAL PATHOLOGY, MORPHOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>H₂S-зависимые механизмы экспрессии и локализации каспазы-3 в клетках головного мозга мышей при черепно-мозговой травме</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>H₂S-Dependent Mechanisms of Caspase-3 Expression and Localization in Brain Cells of Mice with Traumatic Brain Injury</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4036-5410</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Родькин</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rodkin</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Станислав Владимирович Родькин - кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры биоинженерии, заведующий лабораторией медицинских цифровых изображений на основе базисной модели.</p><p>344003, Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Stanislav V. Rodkin - Cand.Sci. (Biology), Associate Professor of the Bioengineering Department, Head of the Laboratory “Digital Medical Imaging Using the Basic Model”.</p><p>1, Gagarin Sq., Rostov-onDon, 344003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">rodkin_stas@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4703-1616</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кириченко</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirichenko</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кириченко Евгения Юрьевна - доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой биоинженерии.</p><p>344003, Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина, д. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniya Yu. Kirichenko - Dr.Sci.(Biology), Professor, Head of the Bioengineering Department.</p><p>1, Gagarin Sq., Rostov-on-Don, 344003</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kiriche.evgeniya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Донской государственный технический университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Don State Technical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>24</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>28</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Родькин С.В., Кириченко Е.Ю., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Родькин С.В., Кириченко Е.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rodkin S.V., Kirichenko E.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/2056">https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/2056</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Черепно-мозговая травма (ЧМТ) является распространенной нейротравмой среди животных. ЧМТ вызывает сложный каскад патологических процессов: первичное повреждение мозга переходит во вторичное, связанное с воспалением, окислительным стрессом, эксайтотоксичностью и апоптозом. Вторичное повреждение усугубляет состояние после травмы. В этой связи особый интерес представляет роль газотрансмиттера сероводорода (H₂S), который участвует в нейромодуляции, противовоспалительных, антиоксидантных и антиапоптотических процессах в центральной нервной системе. Важным элементом апоптоза при ЧМТ является каспаза-3. H₂S потенциально может модулировать экспрессию и активность каспазы-3, влияя на выживание нервных клеток и восстановление мозга после ЧМТ. Однако H₂S-зависимые механизмы регулирования каспазы-3 при травматическом повреждении до конца не изучены. Цель статьи — исследовать роль H₂S в экспрессии и локализации каспазы-3 в нейронах и астроцитах головного мозга мышей при ЧМТ.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследования проводились на кафедре «Биоинженерия» ДГТУ (г. Ростов-на-Дону) в условиях, соответствующих международным и национальным стандартам, в период c 20 апреля по 1 июня 2024 г. Объект исследования — 36 взрослых самцов мышей, поделенных на три группы: контрольную и две экспериментальные. Моделирование ЧМТ проводилось путем сброса груза (200 г) на необнаженный череп под анестезией хлоралгидратом. Донор H₂S сульфид натрия (Na₂S), способный эффективно высвобождать H₂S, либо ингибитор (аминооксиуксусная кислота, AOAA) цистатионин-β-синтазы (CBS), фермента, ответственного за эндогенный синтез H₂S, — вводились ежедневно после ЧМТ в течение 7 дней до выведения животных из эксперимента. Использование Na₂S и AOAA позволяло эффективно модулировать уровень эндогенного Н₂S в головном мозге. Контрольной группе вводили физиологический раствор. Срезы мозга, фиксированные в 4 % PFA, инкубировались с антителами к каспазе-3 и нейрональному ядерному маркеру NeuN либо к астроцитарному маркеру GFAP. Колокализация оценивалась с помощью программы ImageJ. Анализ экспрессии каспазы-3 проводился в пенумбре мозга методом вестерн-блота с использованием первичных антител к каспазе-3 и β-актину и вторичных антител IgG, конъюгированных с пероксидазой хрена, детекция — хемилюминесцентным методом.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. Изначальный уровень каспазы-3 в клетках головного мозга исследуемых мышей был низким. ЧМТ индуцировала экспрессию каспазы-3 в нейронах и глиальных клетках ипсилатерального поврежденного полушария через 7 дней во всех группах после травмы. Использование донора Na₂S приводило к снижению уровня каспазы-3 в нейронах на 32 %, тогда как ингибитор AOAA вызывал его увеличение на 31 % относительно травмированных нервных клеток контрольной группы, которой вводили физиологический раствор, об этом свидетельствуют показатели коэффициента M1 колокализации каспазы-3-положительных клеток с маркером нейрональных ядер NeuN. Аналогичные эффекты были продемонстрированы и на астроцитах, которые визуализировались с помощью специфичного астроцитарного маркера GFAP. Вестерн-блот анализ подтвердил эти данные, показывая значительное снижение уровня каспазы-3 при использовании Na₂S и его увеличение при введении AOAA через 7 дней после ЧМТ.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение. Результаты исследования демонстрируют, что ЧМТ приводит к значительной активации каспазы-3 в нейронах и астроцитах поврежденного полушария головного мозга мышей, отражая развитие апоптоза в ответ на травматическое повреждение. Применение Na₂S эффективно снижало уровень каспазы-3, указывая на его нейропротекторное и антиапоптотическое действие. В то же время введение AOAA индуцировало увеличение экспрессии каспазы-3, подтверждая важную роль CBS и, соответственно, H₂S в регуляции клеточной гибели после ЧМТ. Надежность этих наблюдений была подтверждена как иммуногистохимически, так и методом вестерн-блот анализа. Полученные данные помогут лучше понять фундаментальные H₂S-зависимые сигнальные механизмы выживания и гибели нейронов и глиальных клеток при травматическом повреждении нервной системы, а ингибитор CBS и донор H2S, использованные в нашем исследовании, могут лечь в основу разработки клинически эффективных нейропротекторных препаратов.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a neurotrauma widespread in animals. TBI causes a complex cascade of pathological processes: primary brain injury turns into secondary brain injury associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Secondary injury aggravates the condition after injury. In this regard, the role of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) as a gasotransmitter involved in neuromodulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic processes in the central nervous system is of particular interest. Caspase-3 is an important element in TBI-induced apoptosis. H₂S has a potential to modulate the expression and activity of caspase-3 affecting the survival of nerve cells and brain recovery after TBI. However, H₂S-dependent mechanisms of caspase-3 regulation in traumatic injury are not fully investigated. The aim of the research is to study the role of H₂S in the expression and localization of caspase-3 in neurons and astrocytes of mice with TBI.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The research was conducted at the Bioengineering Department of DSTU (Rostov-on-Don) from April 20 to June 1, 2024 in conditions compliant with the international and national standards. The objects of the study were 36 adult male mice divided into three groups: control group and two experimental ones. TBI was simulated by dropping a weight (200 g) on the intact skulls of mice anesthetized with chloral hydrate. During 7 days after the TBI, the animals were daily administered the sodium sulfide (Na₂S), a donor of H₂S, which can efficiently release H₂S, or the aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), an inhibitor of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), an enzyme responsible for the endogenous synthesis of H₂S, until the animals were withdrawn from the experiment. The use of Na₂S and AOAA enabled efficient modulation of the level of endogenous H₂S in the brain. The control group was administered physiological saline solution. Brain sections fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution were incubated with antibodies to caspase-3 and to the neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) or to the astrocytic marker (GFAP). Colocalization was assessed using the ImageJ software. Caspase-3 expression in the brain penumbra was analysed by Western blotting using primary antibodies against caspase-3 and β-actin and secondary antibodies IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. For detection, the chemiluminescence method was used.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The initial level of caspase-3 in the brain cells of mice under study was low. Seven days after injury, TBI had induced caspase-3 expression in neurons and glial cells of the ipsilateral injured hemisphere in animals of all groups. Administering the donor Na₂S led to decrease of caspase-3 level in neurons by 32%, whereas administering the inhibitor AOAA led to its increase by 31% compared to the injured nerve cells of animals from the control group, which were administered the physiological saline solution. This was confirmed by the values of the M1 colocalization coefficient demonstrating colocalization of caspase-3-positive cells with the neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN). Similar effects were demonstrated in astrocytes, which were visualized using the astrocyte-specific marker GFAP. Western blot analysis confirmed these data and showed a significant decrease of caspase-3 level with administering Na₂S and its increase with that of AOAA 7 days after TBI.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate that TBI leads to significant activation of caspase-3 in neurons and astrocytes of the injured hemisphere of mice brain, which means development of apoptosis in response to traumatic injury. Administering Na₂S has efficiently decreased caspase-3 level, which indicates its neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effect. Whereas, administering the AOAA has induced an increase in caspase-3 expression, which confirms the important role of CBS and, therefore, of H₂S in regulation of cell death after TBI. The reliability of these findings was ascertained by both immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis. The obtained data contribute to better understanding the fundamental H₂S-dependent signaling mechanisms of survival and death of neurons and glial cells during traumatic injury of the nervous system. The CBS inhibitor and H₂S donor used in our study may serve a basis for development of the clinically efficient neuroprotective agents.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>черепно-мозговая травма</kwd><kwd>сероводород</kwd><kwd>H₂S</kwd><kwd>сульфид натрия</kwd><kwd>Na₂S</kwd><kwd>аминооксиуксусная кислота</kwd><kwd>AOAA</kwd><kwd>цистатионин-β-синтаза</kwd><kwd>CBS</kwd><kwd>каспаза-3</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>traumatic brain injury</kwd><kwd>hydrogen sulfide</kwd><kwd>H₂S</kwd><kwd>sodium sulfide</kwd><kwd>Na₂S</kwd><kwd>aminooxyacetic acid</kwd><kwd>AOAA</kwd><kwd>cystathionine β-synthase</kwd><kwd>CBS</kwd><kwd>caspase-3</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ № FZNE-2024-0004</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was conducted with the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation grant No. FZNE-2024-0004</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maas AIR, Menon DK, Manley GT, Abrams M, Åkerlund C, Andelic N, et al. 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