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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vetpatol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринарная патология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-4826</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2949-4826-2026-25-2-14-24</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">TYPQWH</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vetpatol-2145</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Патология животных, морфология, физиология, фармакология и токсикология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Animal pathology, morphology, physiology, pharmacology and toxicology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Модель крыс с нокаутом гена DAT: дофаминовая дисфункция, эпигенетические механизмы и подходы к генной терапии. Обзор научной литературы</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>DAT Knockout Rat Models: Dopamine Dysfunction, Epigenetic Mechanisms, and Approaches to Gene Therapy: A Literature Review</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9667-1516</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хакимов</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khakimov</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хакимов Альберт Рузилевич, младший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского отдела морфологии</p><p>450075, г. Уфа, ул. Р. Зорге, д. 67/1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Albert R. Khakimov, Junior Research Associate of the Morphology Research Department</p><p>67/1, R. Zorge Str., Ufa, 450075</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shershakov2015a@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9170-2600</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лебедева Анна Ивановна, доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник, заведующий научно-исследовательского отдела морфологии</p><p>450075, г. Уфа, ул. Р. Зорге, д. 67/1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna I. Lebedeva, Dr.Sci. (Biology), Lead Research Associate, Head of the Morphology Research Department</p><p>67/1, R. Zorge Str., Ufa, 450075</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">jeol02@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1237-9284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мусина</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Musina</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Мусина Ляля Ахияровна, доктор биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского отдела морфологии</p><p>450075, г. Уфа, ул. Р. Зорге, д. 67/1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lyalya A. Musina, Dr.Sci. (Biology), Lead Research Associate of the Morphology Research Department</p><p>67/1, R. Zorge Str., Ufa, 450075</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">morphoplant@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3209-5265</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хисматуллина</surname><given-names>З. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khismatullina</surname><given-names>Z. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хисматуллина Зухра Рашидовна, доктор биологических наук, профессор кафедры биохимии, биотехнологии и физиологии</p><p>450008, г. Уфа, ул. Заки Валиди, д. 32</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Zukhra R. Khismatullina, Dr.Sci.(Biology), Professor of the Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Physiology</p><p>32, Zaki Validi Str., Ufa, 450008</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">hismatullinazr@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Башкирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России, «Всероссийский центр глазной и пластической хирургии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Eye and Plastic Surgery Center of Bashkir State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Уфимский университет науки и технологий»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Хакимов А.Р., Лебедева А.И., Мусина Л.А., Хисматуллина З.Р., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Хакимов А.Р., Лебедева А.И., Мусина Л.А., Хисматуллина З.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Khakimov A.R., Lebedeva A.I., Musina L.A., Khismatullina Z.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/2145">https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/2145</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Модель животных с нокаутом кодирующего гена (DAT-KO) представляет собой ценный экспериментальный инструмент для изучения патофизиологии заболеваний, связанных с нарушением дофаминовой функции, таких как синдром дефицита внимания и гиперактивности, шизофрения, болезнь Паркинсона. Целью обзора является систематизация научных данных о дофаминергической дисфункции, эпигенетических механизмах и подходах к генной терапии на модели крыс с нокаутом гена DAT (DAT-KO).Материалы и методы. Поиск литературных источников проводился в базах данных PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science и Google Scholar. В обзор включены оригинальные исследования только на английском языке (n=49), опубликованные в период с 1991 по 2025 гг. и посвященные структуре и функциям DAT, моделям нокаута, эпигенетическим механизмам и генной терапии. Результаты представлены в виде блок-схемы PRISMA и рисунков.Результаты исследования. В моделях нокаута DAT у крыс наблюдается 5–7-кратное повышение внеклеточного уровня дофамина, гиперактивность и структурные изменения в базальных ганглиях, что отражает дофаминовую дисфункцию. Гомозиготные нокаутные животные полностью лишены функционального белка DAT, тогда как гетерозиготы сохраняют около половины его активности и демонстрируют промежуточные фенотипы. Эпигенетическая регуляция экспрессии гена Slc6a3 осуществляется через метилирование ДНК, модификации гистонов (включая ацетилирование H3K9/K14 и метилирование H3K27) и микроРНК, причем в постнатальном онтогенезе крыс промотор DAT остается гипометилированным, что обеспечивает возрастное повышение его экспрессии. Генная терапия с использованием вирусных векторов демонстрирует потенциал восстановления функции DAT.Обсуждение и заключение. Модель DAT-KO у крыс достоверно воспроизводит ключевые нейрохимические и морфологические особенности дофаминергической дисфункции. Полнота картины, однако, во многом ограничена фрагментарностью данных о динамике эпигенетической регуляции экспрессии дофаминового транспортера в ходе прогрессирования заболеваний и недостаточной доказательной базой по дозозависимым эффектам и долгосрочной безопасности генной терапии. Эпигенетические механизмы открывают новые направления для поиска биомаркеров и персонализированной терапии. Применение генной терапии с использованием аденоассоциированных и лентивирусных векторов демонстрирует потенциал восстановления функции DAT в доклинических моделях, однако требует дальнейшего уточнения дозозависимых эффектов и минимизации иммунного ответа. Перспективными направлениями остаются интеграция эпигенетических маркеров в клинические протоколы, разработка комбинированных стратегий и валидация модели DAT-KO при коморбидных состояниях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. Dopamine transporter gene knockout (DAT-KO) animal model is a valuable experimental tool for studying the pathophysiology of diseases associated with dopamine dysfunction, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease. The aim of the present review is to systematize the scientific data on using the DAT-KO rat models for studying dopaminergic dysfunction, epigenetic mechanisms, and gene therapy approaches.Materials and Methods. Literary sources were searched for in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar scientific citation databases. The original studies (n=49) on the structure and function of DAT, knockout models, epigenetic mechanisms, and gene therapy published from 1991 to 2025 in English language only were included into the review. The results have been presented in a PRISMA flow chart and in the illustrations.Results. DAT knockout rat models exhibit a 5–7-fold increase of extracellular dopamine level, hyperactivity and structural changes in the basal ganglia, which indicates dopamine dysfunction. Homozygous knockout animals are found to completely lack functional DAT protein, whereas animals with heterozygous knockout retain approximately half of its function and exhibit intermediate phenotypes. Epigenetic regulation of SLC6A3 gene expression is mediated by DNA methylation, histone modifications (including H3K9/K14 acetylation and H3K27 methylation) and microRNA modifications. Moreover, the DAT promoter remains hypomethylated during postnatal ontogenesis in rats, resulting in its age-related expression increase. Gene therapy using viral vectors has demonstrated the potential to restore DAT function.Discussion and Conclusion. The DAT-KO rat models reliably reproduce the key neurochemical and morphological features of dopaminergic dysfunction. However, the picture seems much incomplete due to the fragmentary character of data on the dynamics of epigenetic regulation of dopamine transporter expression during disease progression and insufficient evidence base on dose-dependent effects and long-term safety of gene therapy. The epigenetic mechanisms open the new tracks for biomarker search and personalization of therapy. Gene therapy using adeno-associated viral and lentiviral vectors demonstrates the potential to restore DAT function in the preclinical models, however, further clarification on dosedependent effects and minimization of the immune response is required. The integration of epigenetic markers into the clinical protocols, development of combinatory strategies, and validation of the DAT-KO models for comorbid conditions continue to be the promising tracks for further research.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>обзор научной литературы</kwd><kwd>дофаминовая (дофаминергическая) дисфункция</kwd><kwd>дофаминовый транспортер</kwd><kwd>DAT</kwd><kwd>нокаут гена DAT</kwd><kwd>крысы</kwd><kwd>мыши</kwd><kwd>DAT-KO</kwd><kwd>SLC6A3</kwd><kwd>эпигенетическая регуляция</kwd><kwd>генная терапия</kwd><kwd>вирусные векторы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>literature review</kwd><kwd>dopamine (dopaminergic) dysfunction</kwd><kwd>dopamine transporter</kwd><kwd>DAT</kwd><kwd>DAT gene knockout</kwd><kwd>rats</kwd><kwd>mice</kwd><kwd>DAT-KO</kwd><kwd>SLC6A3</kwd><kwd>epigenetic regulation</kwd><kwd>gene therapy</kwd><kwd>viral vectors</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savchenko A, Targa G, Fesenko Z, Leo D, Gainetdinov RR, Sukhanov I. 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