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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vetpatol</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ветеринарная патология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-4826</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Don State Technical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.23947/2949-4826-2026-25-2-34-43</article-id><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">OWJQGS</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vetpatol-2147</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Патология животных, морфология, физиология, фармакология и токсикология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Animal pathology, morphology, physiology, pharmacology and toxicology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Клинико-эхокардиографические и цитологические характеристики патологий перикарда собак, сопровождающихся перикардиальным выпотом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Clinical, Echocardiographic and Cytological Characteristics of Pericardial Pathologies Accompanied by Pericardial Effusion in Dogs</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кокуленко</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kokulenko</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кира Владимировна Кокуленко, ветеринарный врач кардиолог</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, дом 24, стр. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kira V. Kokulenko, Veterinary Cardiologist</p><p>24, building 10, Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">magnet.ru@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2142-2507</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гончарова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goncharova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Анна Витальевна Гончарова, доктор ветеринарных наук, доцент, доцент кафедры ветеринарной хирургии</p><p>109472, Москва, ул. Академика Скрябина 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna V. Goncharova, Dr.Sci. (Veterinary), Associate Professor of the Department of Veterinary Surgery</p><p>23, Akademik Skryabin Str., Moscow, 109472</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7380-6422</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Илларионова</surname><given-names>В. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Illarionova</surname><given-names>V. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владислава Константиновна Илларионова, кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры физиологии, фармакологии и токсикологии; руководитель отделения кардиологии</p><p>109472, Москва, ул. Академика Скрябина 23</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, дом 24, стр. 10</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislava K. Illarionova, Cand.Sci.(Biology), Associate Professor of the Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology; Head of the Cardiology Department</p><p>24, building 10, Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow, 115522</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">illarionovapq@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костылев</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostylev</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владислав Алексеевич Костылев, кандидат ветеринарных наук, доцент кафедры ветеринарной хирургии</p><p>109472, Москва, ул. Академика Скрябина 23</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladislav A. Kostylev, Cand.Sci. (Veterinary), Associate Professor of the Department of Veterinary Surgery</p><p>23, Academician Skryabin Str., Moscow, 109472</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vkstylev@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ветеринарный онкологический научный центр «Биоконтроль»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Veterinary Oncological Research Center “Biocontrol”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московская государственная академия ветеринарной медицины и биотехнологии – МВА имени К.И. Скрябина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MVA Named after K. I. Skryabin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Ветеринарный онкологический научный центр «Биоконтроль»; Московская государственная академия ветеринарной медицины и биотехнологии – МВА имени К.И. Скрябина</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Veterinary Oncological Research Center “Biocontrol”; Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MVA Named after K. I. Skryabin</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кокуленко К.В., Гончарова А.В., Илларионова В.К., Костылев В.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кокуленко К.В., Гончарова А.В., Илларионова В.К., Костылев В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kokulenko K.V., Goncharova A.V., Illarionova V.K., Kostylev V.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/2147">https://www.vetpat.ru/jour/article/view/2147</self-uri><abstract><p>Введение. Большинство болезней перикарда сопровождаются патологическим скоплением жидкости в перикардиальной полости (выпот), а также тампонадой сердца. Для диагностики подобных состояний широко используют методы физикального обследования в сочетании с трансторакальной эхокардиографией. Важной задачей ветеринарных специалистов является определение характерных симптомов, а также специфических эхокардиографических признаков тампонады сердца как состояния, угрожающего жизни. Цитологическое исследование перикардиальной жидкости является неотъемлемой частью диагностического поиска причин выпота. Комплексный подход к диагностике определяет эффективную тактику лечения пациента. В существующих исследованиях остаются мало раскрытыми клинико-эхокардиографические взаимосвязи, позволяющие диагностировать тяжесть течения и прогноз заболевания, а также недостаточно освещены цитологические характеристики выпотов, определяющие их причины. Цель исследования — установить клинико-эхокардиографические и цитологические взаимосвязи у собак с патологиями перикарда, сопровождающимися перикардиальным выпотом.Материалы и методы. Исследование проведено на кафедре ветеринарной хирургии ФГБОУ ВО «Московская государственная академия ветеринарной медицины и биотехнологии – МВА имени К.И. Скрябина», а также на базе ветеринарного научного центра «Биоконтроль» в период с 2018 по 2023 г. Объектом исследования послужили собаки различных пород, возраста и пола (n=200). Методика обследования включала: сбор анамнеза, клинический осмотр, эхокардиографию, электрокардиографию, рентгенографию грудной клетки, ультрасонографическую визуализацию свободной жидкости в грудной и брюшной полостях, перикардиоцентез, цитологическое исследование выпота, гистологическое исследование патологического материала, полученного в ходе хирургического вмешательства.Результаты исследования. У всех исследуемых собак с перикардиальным выпотом на эхокардиографии выявлено кольцевидное анэхогенное пространство (ободок) разного диаметра вокруг сердца. Из 200 пациентов у 64 животных (32,0 %) зарегистрирована тампонада сердца и выполнен перикардиоцентез. Цитологическое исследование полученной жидкости для дальнейшей диагностики причины перикардиального выпота выполнено у 61 пациента. По цитоморфологическому характеру выявлены следующие виды выпота: транссудат (1,6 %), модифицированный транссудат (4,9 %), септический экссудат (1,6 %), геморрагический (который, в свою очередь, разделялся на выпот, соответствующий: острому кровотечению (4,9 %), хроническому кровотечению (77,0 %), геморрагический выпот с цитологическими признаками опухоли (9,8 %)).Обсуждение и заключение. При наличии перикардиального выпота важное клиническое значение имеет распознавание синдрома тампонады сердца. Нами установлены самые распространённые эхокардиографические признаки тампонады: расширение и снижение амплитуды спадения каудальной полой вены менее 50 % и коллапс стенки правого предсердия. Выявлена взаимосвязь между клиническими симптомами (увеличение объема живота в результате накопления асцитной жидкости, прогрессирующая слабость и снижение переносимости нагрузок) и эхокардиографическими признаками тампонады сердца. По результатам цитологического исследования самым распространенным видом перикардиального выпота явился геморрагический, сопровождавший опухоли сердца и перикарда у собак старшей возрастной группы средних и крупных пород.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Introduction. The majority of pericardial diseases are accompanied by pathological accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity (effusion), as well as cardiac tamponade. Physical examination methods combined with transthoracic echocardiography are widely used to diagnose these conditions. An important task for veterinary specialists is to determine characteristic symptoms and specific echocardiographic signs of cardiac tamponade, which is considered to be a life-threatening condition. Cytological examination of pericardial fluid is an integral part in diagnosing the cause of the effusion. A comprehensive approach to diagnosis underpins the efficiency of treatment strategies. The existing studies poorly reveal the relationships between the clinical symptoms and echocardiographic signs, which could enable the diagnosis of disease severity and its prognosis, neither do they fully elucidate the cytological characteristics of effusions that could indicate the causes of effusion occurrence. The aim of the study is to establish the clinical, echocardiographic, and cytological relationships in dogs with pericardial pathologies accompanied by pericardial effusion.Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at the Department of Veterinary Surgery of Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology – MVA named after K. I. Skryabin and at the Veterinary Research Center “Biocontrol” in the period from 2018 to 2023. The objects under study were dogs of various breeds, ages, and sexes (n=200). The examination methodology included: collection of patient’s medical history, clinical examination, echocardiography, electrocardiography, chest radiography, ultrasonographic visualization of free fluid in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, pericardiocentesis, cytological examination of effusion, and histological examination of pathological material obtained during surgery.Results. During the echocardiography, a ring-shaped anechoic space of varying diameter was revealed around the heart in all the studied dogs with pericardial effusion. Of 200 patients, cardiac tamponade was registered in 64 animals (32.0%), to whom pericardiocentesis was performed. For further determination of the causes of pericardial effusion, cytological examination of the obtained fluid was performed in 61 patients. According to cytomorphological characteristics, the following types of effusion were identified: transudate (1.6%), modified transudate (4.9%), septic exudate (1.6%), hemorrhagic effusion (which, in turn, was divided into effusion corresponding to: acute hemorrhage (4.9%), chronic hemorrhage (77.0%), hemorrhagic effusion with cytological signs of a tumor (9.8%)).Discussion and Conclusion. In the presence of pericardial effusion, detection of the cardiac tamponade syndrome is of great clinical importance. We have established the most common echocardiographic signs of tamponade: caudal vena cava dilation and reduction of its collapsibility amplitude to less than 50%, as well as right atrial collapse. A relationship between the clinical symptoms (abdomen volume increase due to accumulation of ascitic fluid, progressing weakness, and exercise tolerance decrease) and echocardiographic signs of cardiac tamponade was revealed. Based on cytological examination results, the hemorrhagic type of pericardial effusion was identified as the most common one, concomitant to cardiac and pericardial tumors in older dogs of medium and large breeds.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>собаки</kwd><kwd>перикардиальный выпот</kwd><kwd>тампонада сердца</kwd><kwd>перикардиальная полость</kwd><kwd>эхокардиография</kwd><kwd>цитологическое исследование жидкости</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>dogs</kwd><kwd>pericardial effusion</kwd><kwd>cardiac tamponade</kwd><kwd>pericardial cavity</kwd><kwd>echocardiography</kwd><kwd>cytological examination of fluid</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enders М, Sarani N, Malik А. Isolated Left Ventricular Cardiac Tamponade Diagnosed on Point-of-Care Ultra-sound in the Emergency Department: A Case Report and Brief Literature Review. 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