Mosquitoes are very harmful ectoparasites of birds and mammals. These are importunate arthropods, whose bites are painful and cause anemia during a mass attack. The pathogenic microflora are populated in the places of bites, which poses additional threats to the health of animals and humans. Mosquitoes are also dangerous as carriers and reservoirs of various vector-borne diseases. Among the most dangerous diseases, Japanese meningitis, encephalitis, West Nile fever should be noted; among invasive diseases, dirofilariasis is widespread. For the timely adoption of preventive measures and the fight against mosquitoes, knowledge of the biological characteristics of representatives of each genus in a separate study area is necessary. The epizootological and epidemiological significance of mosquitoes is especially relevant in conditions of migration and adaptation of pathogens to low temperatures and moderate climatic conditions. The article discusses in detail the key features of the fauna and ecology of parasite mosquitoes of the genus Aedes (Diptera, Culicidae), the species composition that lives in natural biotopes and in urban conditions of the Kaluga region is indicated.