Peer-reviewed journal Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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Uncontrollable Mortality in Agricultural Animals in the Russian Federation: A State-Level Problem in the Context of Sanction Restrictions
Introduction. Uncontrollable mortality in agricultural animals causes significant economic damage to the producers, and threatens the national food security. In the context of sanction restrictions, and the need to ensure the independence from import supplies, the problem of livestock mortality control has become particularly acute in the Russian Federation. Although the statistical data are available, the comprehensive analysis of the correlation of livestock mortality and population dynamics, as well as analysis of the factors inducing the growth of mortality are insufficiently presented in the scientific literature. This determines the relevance and purpose of the present study. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted based on the data of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation (Rosstat) for the period of 2019–2023. The methods of economic and statistical analysis were used, including the analysis of time series, calculation of livestock population growth rate, structural analysis of the share of mortality in the total figure of livestock population, and comparative analysis of the mortality and population rate changes in the main groups of agricultural animals. Results. The situation has been identified as critical in pig farming, where the livestock mortality-to-population ratio has increased from 32.2% in 2019 to 43.1% in 2023, and in reindeer herding, where this indicator has reached from 14.9 to 19.0%. In most of the animal groups (cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and horses), the mortality growth rate was found to significantly exceed the population growth rate, and the amplitude of mortality fluctuations was higher, indicating the insufficient level of process control. The key groups of factors influencing mortality have been identified: natural and climatic factors (natural disasters, dangerous diseases), technical and organisational factors (feed shortage, unsatisfactory condition of the premises), and organisational and human (low qualified staff, belated veterinary care). Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained results confirm the existence of a systemic problem of uncontrollable mortality in agricultural animals in the Russian Federation, which requires a transition from the local measures to the State regulation. A set of measures has been proposed, including planning the actions of agricultural enterprises that face the livestock mortality threat, developing an insurance system, strengthening the state support, upgrading employee qualifications, and expanding statistical recording. Implementation of these measures will improve the predictability of livestock population dynamics, reduce the socioeconomic damage caused by the livestock mortality, and strengthen the food security of the country.
Finding Associations of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with Exterior Traits (Pelvic Parameters) in Holstein Cows
Introduction. Exterior traits of a cow can have crucial effect on development of pathological conditions, for example, sacrum anatomy features can be related to the risk of dystocia (pathological or difficult parturition). In dairy farming, pelvic parameters are one of the key factors enabling control of easy calving. However, modern breeding focuses on selection of the herd individuals with the highest milk yield and long-term economic productivity, whereas the exterior traits, unfortunately, are taken into account to a lesser extent. The aim of the present research is to identify associations of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with cow pelvic exterior parameters that are important prerequisites of susceptibility to easy or difficult calving. As a result, it will be possible to determine the genetic markers to be included into the selection-breeding programs. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at Ural Research Veterinary Institute — a structural division of Ural Federal Agrarian Research Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the period from 2023 to 2025. The exterior trait inheritance patterns were studied in Holstein cows (n=155) across three pelvic dimensions: sacrum height, hip width, and ischial tuberosity width. Association tests were conducted using SNPassoc R package. Results. The mean values and standard deviations for pelvic height at sacrum in cows were found to be 161.7±5.3 cm; for width at hips — 41.1±3.9 cm; for width at ischial tuberosities — 22.4±2.1 cm. For each individual, genotyping with 13 polymorphisms was performed. Rs109452259 polymorphism in C* allele was revealed to have negative effect on hip width in Holstein cows. Rs134055603 and rs43038601 polymorphisms in G/G and C/A genotypes respectively, were established to have putative epistatic interaction with positive effect on the sacrum height. Also, rs134055603 and rs137396952 polymorphisms in C/A and C/C genotypes respectively were found to have possibly synergistic effect. Discussion and Conclusion. The data obtained in the frame of the study are reliable for the observed-level statistical interaction. Potential limitations of the study include possible influence of the unaccounted confounding factors, such as variability of animals within the studied groups by age, live body weight, lactation number, etc. For confirmation of the biological mechanisms, further functional studies are required.
The Small Pond Snail (Lymnaea truncatula) and Its Role in Spreading Trematodiases. The Situation in the Kaluga Region: Literature Review
Introduction. The small pond snail (Lymnaea truncatula) acts not only as a vector for certain species of helminths but also as a universal intermediate host ensuring the circulation of a wide range of trematodes. The increased number of these parasites is a matter of significant epizootological and epidemiological concern as they are posing a threat to the health of humans and farm animals. The aim of the present review is to summarize the available ecology, parasitology, veterinary and epidemiology science data regarding L. truncatula and its role in spreading the trematodiases, particularly in the Kaluga Region. Materials and Methods. The following science citation databases were used: Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, CyberLeninka, Russian Index of Science Citation (RISC/РИНЦ), and others. The publications in Russian and English of the period of 2010–2023 were selected by the keywords: L. truncatula, trematodiases, fascioliasis, dicrocoeliasis, Kaluga Region. Articles that were not peer-reviewed and data without statistical verification were excluded. The results were presented in a PRISMA flow chart. Results. It has been established that the small pond snail plays a key role in the transmission of fascioliasis and is also potentially involved in the spread of other trematodiases. The main factors affecting spreading the infestation include hydrothermal conditions, high soil water capacity, livestock grazing intensity, and the state of melioration system. In the Kaluga Region, the mollusk population density in floodplain biotopes reaches 60–70 specimens/m², and the infestation rate reaches 23%, which creates the stable foci of infestation. The periods of greatest epizootic danger last from June to September. For the efficient control and prevention of trematodiases in the region, a comprehensive approach is required, which combines reclamation works, the use of molluscicides, and modern monitoring systems, as well as systemic collaboration between the specialists of veterinary, agricultural and research institutions. Discussion and Conclusion. When interpreting the results of the present review, it is necessary to remember the limitations typical for this type of research: the risk of biased evaluation of studies due to the predominance of the publications with positive or statistically significant results in the analysed citation databases; the heterogeneity of the included studies, which complicates direct data comparison; the geographical and temporal limitations of data by region, etc. The following areas of research can be of potential importance in the future: studying the influence of the mollusk microbiome on their resistance to infestation; evaluating the efficiency of new biological control methods; and studying the impact of climate changes on parasitic systems. The data obtained will enable the development of a scientifically based trematodiases control system adapted to the Kaluga Region conditions.
Development of an Intelligent System for Diagnosing Rumen Acidosis in Cows. Part 2: Computer Implementation
Introduction. In the first part of the study, the relevance of improving the methods of rumen acidosis diagnostics in cows based on the intelligent systems was substantiated and the use of fuzzy set theory as a tool for such systems was proposed. The structure of the hierarchical-type intelligent system was developed, and formalization of the problem was completed. In the second part of the study, computer implementation of the fuzzy-logic-based intelligent system for diagnosing acidosis was completed using Xcos tool of Scilab software, and a computer application was developed in the Scilab+Scinotes environment as its practical implementation. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at Ural State Agrarian University and Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University from 2022 to 2025. The intelligent system techniques, fuzzy set theory and fuzzy logic methods, and Mamdani fuzzy inference system were used to conduct the study. A computer model for rumen pathology assessment was created based on the generalized smart system by means of Xcos tool of Scilab software. Computer implementation of the intelligent system was completed in the Scilab+Scinotes environment. Results. For solving a problem of hierarchical-type intelligent system, the production rule bases, which included various combinations of diagnostic parameters and respective degrees of rumen acidosis pathology, were developed. Synthesis of fuzzy systems was performed using SciFLT tool of Scilab software. A generalized model of an intelligent system for diagnosing rumen acidosis in cows was developed using Xcos tool of Scilab software. Computer implementation of the intelligent diagnostic system was completed in Scilab software with embedded Scinotes text editor. Discussion and Conclusion. The model of an intelligent system proposed by the authors is innovative and can be recommended for practical implementation into the expert advisory systems, for automation of veterinary workstations, and for using in modern veterinary telemedicine technologies.
A Clinical Case of Proliferative and Necrotizing Otitis Externa (PNOE) in an Elderly Cat
Introduction. A clinical case of proliferative and necrotizing otitis externa (PNOE) in an elderly cat has been described, i.e. diagnostics and treatment with tacrolimus. This syndrome of unknown etiology occurs in cats aged from 2 months to 12 years. It bilaterally affects the concave pinnae and the external acoustic pore. Disease development in the ear canal is accompanied with the secondary bacterial or Malassezia otitides. Fifteen foreign works investigating PNOE in cats and dogs published in the period of 2000–2025 have been reviewed. Materials and Methods. In November 2024, the owners of a five-year-old cat attended to the veterinary clinic “Center” (Rostov-on-Don) with the complaint on frequent otitides in their pet. PNOE diagnosis was based on the animal’s medical history, clinical examination, microscopic and cytological examination of discharge from ears (performed in the “Vet Union” veterinary laboratory, Moscow). Treatment included topical application of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Results. Examination of the inner surface of the auricles revealed stenosis of the external ear canals and a significant number of black, dry crusts. An ear culture test revealed secondary microbial contamination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Enterobacter cloacae; whereas, Candida or Malassezia spp fungi were not isolated. Also, during microscopy of earwax, no mites of the genus Otodectescynotis were isolated. After 4 weeks of treatment with 10 g of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment applied topically, normalization of condition was noticed during the otoscopic examination of the auricles. Discussion and Conclusion. The efficiency of treating PNOE in cats with tacrolimus ointment applied topically to the auricle crusts has been proved. The data and photographs presented in the article may be useful for practicing veterinarians for diagnostics and treatment of this relatively rare disease.
Prevalence of Trematodes of the Family Notocotylidae in the Perm Territory
Introduction. Notocotylidoses are fairly widespread in Russia dixenous trematode diseases of birds and some mammals caused by the members of the family Notocotylidae, which parasitize in the intestines. Although the Perm Territory conditions (hydrological situation, prevalence of susceptible hosts) are apt to the increase of the population of this trematode species, the epizootic situation for this trematode in the region remains unstudied. The aim of the article is to investigate the prevalence of trematodes of the family Notocotylidae in the Perm Territory. Materials and Methods. The objects of the study were freshwater gastropods (n=340), cadavers of wild waterfowl (n=16) and samples of mallards’ droppings from the places of their aggregations (n=139) collected in the Perm Territory during the warm seasons of 2024 and 2025. The research was carried out at Perm State Agro-Technological University named after Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov in compliance with the standard techniques: using microscopy compressor; partial helminthological dissections; sequential washings of droppings; standard histological examination of tissues of infested mollusks and ducks. Results. A single Anisus vortex specimen from the Motovilikha Pond (Perm) was found to be infested with cercaria of Notocotylus sp. Also, marita of N. attenuatus was found in the intestines of a Clangula hyemalis. In the histological samples of the infested mollusk, edema, friable tissues, mucin hypersecretion were revealed, and single cercariae were isolated. Also, the exposure of bird’s intestines to N. attenuatus resulted in chronic condition manifested in edema and degenerative changes in the tissues, as well as the development of the macrophage response in the lymph nodes. Discussion and Conclusion. The presence of larval notocotylids in the Perm Territory did not confirm having a natural focus of avian notocotylidosis there. In this case, mammals are likely to be the definitive hosts. Marita of N. attenuatus was detected in a migratory species, in the long-tailed duck, which might have been infested in its wintering or nesting areas.
A Study on Morphofunctional State of Djungarian Hamster (Phodopus Sungorus) Lungs and Main Organs of Detoxification under Long-Term Exposure to E-Cigarette Aerosol
Introduction. The liquids of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which have the multi-component composition, represent a major environmental hazard, as they contain extremely toxic substances. Although the popularity of this form of smoking grows, the data on the biological effects of long-term exposure of animals and humans to e-cigarette and vape components are insufficient. The aim of the present study is to investigate the morphofunctional state of the lungs and main organs of detoxification in Djungarian hamsters under long-term exposure to ENDS aerosol. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted in 2021 in the colony of laboratory Djungarian hamsters kept at the Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SA RAS. Thirty-six hamsters were divided into two groups. During 80 days, animals in the experimental group (10 females and 10 males) were exposed to vapour from heating the X-3 Yoghurt Pear liquid. The procedure was performed twice a day for 10 minutes, with a 2-hour interval. Hamsters in the control group (8 males and 8 females) were placed in exposure chambers but were not exposed to vapour. At the end of the 80-day experiment, the animals were decapitated, and organs were collected for preparing thin histological sections. The specimens were stained with Boehmer’s hematoxylin and eosin. Collagen distribution was determined using the Mallory method. Histological specimens of organs were examined under transmission light microscope Results. In experimental animals exposed to toxic vapour, a homogeneous black substance was detected in bronchial epithelial cells and in the alveolar interstitium. In the lung parenchyma, signs of developing interstitial pneumonia, atelectasis, emphysema, and obstructive bronchitis were detected, indicating impaired ventilation-perfusion relationships in the lung tissue and gas exchange disorder. In the kidneys, the homogeneous substance was localized in the lumen of renal tubules. Light optical microscopy revealed the main signs of lethal damage in renal epithelial cells. Strongly expressed dilation of the renal glomerular capillaries, coupled with a nearly 2-fold reduction in the surface area of renal corpuscles compared to control samples, indicates impaired hemodynamics and disrupted renal reabsorption-filtration function. Regarding the liver, a high level of localization of evolutionarily adapted to detoxification dark hepatocytes dying by apoptosis in the centrilobular region of the lobule, indicates the involvement of toxic substances in this process, which enter the liver with the blood. Discussion and Conclusion. The experiment demonstrated the general pathogenic effects of ENDS aerosol on the lungs and organs of detoxification in animals after long-term exposure to it. Such studies are necessary in the context of the observed growth of consumption of the nicotine delivery systems at the global market.
Basic Principles and Practical Instructions for Proper Feeding of Donkeys
This paper presents the nutritional requirements of donkeys, with a special focus on the needs for water, energy, proteins, minerals and vitamins. Donkeys, as working animals originating from arid regions, have specific physiological adaptations that affect their nutritional needs. The aim of this paper is to review and present scientifically based information on nutritional requirements, nutrients and recommendations for feeding donkeys based on current research in the world. The paper shows the needs for water, energy, proteins, minerals and vitamins, as well as methods of assessing food digestibility and availability. Special attention is paid to the variations in needs depending on the physiological state (growth, pregnancy, lactation), the intensity of work and the quality of available food. The importance of food digestibility and correctness of meal that meets all nutritional needs are also presented. The need for an adequate balance between rough and concentrated feed, as well as the potential danger of inadequate supplementation, are emphasized. Based on the available literature and field observations, practical instructions are given for proper feeding of donkeys in different breeding conditions, with the aim of preserving their working capacity, health and longevity.
Assessing Kidney Tissue Density Changes in Rats with Hyperlipidemia Using Micro-CT
Introduction. Computed X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) enables getting the three-dimensional images of microscopic structures without damaging them, which makes this method widely implemented in biomedicine. Regarding the application of micro-CT in veterinary medicine, its potential in assessing morphological changes in internal organs of animals with pathologies has not yet been used at full scale. For example, there are no enough data on the capacity of microtomography in studying pathological processes in kidneys of animals. The aim of the present study is to assess the pathological changes in the density and morphology of kidney tissue in laboratory rats with hyperlipidemia using micro-CT. Materials and Methods. The experiment was conducted at DSTU from 2021 to 2024 and involved 40 male Wistar rats divided into 5 groups: 4 experimental and 1 control. During the experiment, the experimental groups were fed a hyperlipidemic diet; the control group received only standard feed-stuff. Kidneys were taken from decapitated animals on 30th, 120th, 150th, and 180th day, and samples were prepared for scanning with a Zeiss Xradia Versa 520 micro-CT scanner at 80 kV and voxel size of 20 μm. The efficiency of micro-CT was assessed by the quality of 3D reconstruction and detected changes in kidney tissue density and morphology at different stages of hyperlipidemia. Results. Microtomograms of kidneys of rats in the experiment allowed for detailed visualization of the organ’s morphology, including renal cortex and medulla, as well as vasculature. Quantitative data on changes in tissue density were obtained, and differences in kidney structure were distinguished between the normal (in control group) and pathological conditions (in experimental groups with various degrees of hyperlipidemia). Discussion and Conclusion. Micro-CT method has demonstrated high accuracy and informative value in analysing kidney tissue condition in rats and proved its efficiency in early diagnostics of pathological changes in these internal organs, as well as in dynamic monitoring of disease. Among the constraints of this method, the following aspects can be noted: the high cost of equipment, low sensitivity to soft tissues in the absence of contrast-enhancement, and the need for specialized skills to interpret the images.
The Efficiency of Modeling Oxidative Stress in Rats by Exposure to Noise Compared to Exposure to Hyperthermia or Magnetic Field
Introduction. In vivo model for experimental creation of the necessary pathological processes is an important element of scientific research planning. Numerous series of experiments have demonstrated the relevance of modeling oxidative stress in laboratory rats by exposure to hyperthermia, magnetic field and noise. The problem of finding the advantages of each particular prooxidant factor in modeling stress response underlies the current experiment, and its expediency is induced by the need to generate a robust response of the prooxidant/antioxidant system, with statistically significant changes of its parameters, at various periods of time. The study aims at conducting a comparative assessment of the effect of noise, hyperthermia, and magnetic field on the intensity of lipid peroxidation processes in rats. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at the Research Laboratory of Amur Medical Academy in 2023–2024. The experiment involved 120 white rats divided into four equal in number groups. The animals in the first group (intact) were not subjected to any impacts; the animals in the second group (experimental group 1) were subjected to hyperthermia; the animals in the third group (experimental group 2) were exposed to magnetic field; and the animals in the fourth group (experimental group 3) were exposed to noise. On 7th, 14th, and 21st days of the experiment the rats were decapitated (10 animals from each group) and their blood was sampled for analysis. Oxidative stress markers were determined using the standard techniques; the results were analysed using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The critical significance level was set to 0.05 for all assessment procedures. Results. With regard to the influence on the accumulation degree of conjugated dienes, statistically significant advantages of noise model over the magnetic field model were recorded (p=0.000005 on 14th and 21st days) and over hyperthermia model (p=0.002039 on 14th day; p=0.001837 on 21st day). With regard to malondialdehyde, noise exposure surpassed hyperthermia by the end of the experiment (p=0.000561). With regard to ceruloplasmin, the advantages of the noise model over hyperthermia model were established (p=0.0167980 on 7th day; p=0.004813 on 21st day), as well as over the magnetic field model (p=0.000005 at all control points). In relation to vitamin E, the noise model advantages over the magnetic field (p=0.000006 on 21st day) were revealed. Discussion and Conclusions. Significant advantages of the noise-exposure model over the hyperthermia- and magnetic-field-exposure ones in modeling the oxidative stress were established, along with the respective changes in prooxidant/antioxidant system components. By the end of the first, second, and third weeks of the experiment, the statistically significant deviation of oxidative stress markers in laboratory animals occurred under exposure to noise, unlike exposure to temperature and magnetic field. In future, studies on the acoustic load influence on the adaptive potential of warm-blooded organisms are planned to probe possible pharmacological medications to negative influence of noise.
Infestation of Black Sea-Caspian Sprat (Clupeonella Cultriventris) with Cestodes of the Genus Proteocephalus in the Kama Reservoir and Histological Examination of Fish Intestines Infested with These Parasites
Introduction. The Black Sea-Caspian sprat (Clupeonella cultriventris) is an alien species adapted to the Kama Reservoir conditions, capable of affecting the trophic relationships in this ecosystem. However, the composition of helminth fauna in this ecosystem and the pathological changes induced by the certain pathogens, such as cestodes of the genus Proteocephalus, are currently poorly investigated. The aim of the study is to investigate the infestation of C. cultriventris with cestodes of the genus Proteocephalus in the Kama Reservoir and to describe the histological changes in the fish intestines caused by this infestation. Materials and Methods. In the autumn-winter period of 2024, the C. cultriventris (n=83) were taken from the several parts of the Kama Reservoir. A partial biological analysis, partial helminthological dissection and histological examination of the intestines infested with cestodes were carried out. Parasitological examination was performed at the Department of Infectious Diseases of Perm State Agro-Technological University. Preparation of histological specimens was performed in the histopathology laboratory of Perm Regional Children’s Clinical Hospital. The prepared histological sections were scanned using the Vision Assist automated system and Vision microscopy automation software. Mathematical processing of the obtained data was performed in Microsoft Excel. Results. The highest infestation extensity (IE 50%) of Proteocephalus sp. (juv) corresponding to infestation intensity (II) range 1–2 was observed in sprat form the middle part of the Kama Reservoir; in sprat from the upper part, it was several times less (IE 13% corresponding to II range 1–3); sprat from the lower part was not infested at all. The size and weight parameters in sprat from the upper and lower parts of the Reservoir were significantly higher than that in the fish from the middle part — approximately 2 times exceedance in weight and 1.2 times — in length. Histological examination of sprat intestines revealed changes in mucosa and submucosa layers; the epithelium was in a state of desquamation, the stromal state of the villi was loose and edematous. Discussion and Conclusions. Data on infestation of C. cultriventris with the cestodes of the genus Proteocephalus sp. in the Kama Reservoir are presented for the first time. It has been revealed that cestode infestation affects the biological parameters of fish and causes minor inflammatory pathological changes in the intestines. Detection of the pre-mature cestodes in the non-specific hosts is not enough factor for their identification, therefore, further research is needed to clarify the host-parasite relationships of C. cultriventris and Proteocephalus sp.
Development of an Intelligent System for Diagnosing Rumen Acidosis in Cows. Part 1: Formalization of Tasks
Introduction. Improvement of the diagnostic methods for detecting bovine ruminal acidosis is a relevant problem due to the prevalence of this disease resulting in cattle murrain. The most future-oriented methods of early diagnostics of this pathology are prophylaxis campaigns or individual examinations of animals using the online services in the frame of veterinary telemedicine technologies. However, in Russia, the efficient use of these technologies is hindered by the absence of well-developed methods of assessing the pathology based on the mathematical tools integrated into the advanced intelligent systems. In our study, we attempted to create an intelligent system for diagnosing rumen acidosis in cows. The first stage of the research consisted of formalization of tasks based on the concept of fuzzy logic. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at the Ural State Agrarian University and the Northern Trans-Ural State Agricultural University from 2022 to 2025. For diagnosing rumen acidosis, a minimum list of diagnostic parameters was determined as input variables for the fuzzy system (based on the analysis of data obtained from the specialized reference books and scientific publications). Due to the possible difficulty of combining several parameters exceeding reference values, a method for representing uncertainties — fuzzy set theory — was used to correctly solve the problem in the given settings. A hierarchical structure was chosen to build the intelligent system, which makes it strictly logical and transparent for analysis. Scilab open source software with embedded text editor Scinotes were used to develop the application. Results. A set of necessary diagnostic parameters including pH of rumen contents, fat content in milk, pulse rate, and respiratory rate was justified. A substantive formulation and formalization of the problem of fuzzy inference for assessing rumen acidosis pathology in cows was completed. The structure of the hierarchical-type intelligent system was developed. All variables, including intermediate ones, were formalized within the fuzzy model of the intelligent diagnostic system. Discussion and Conclusion. In the first part of the study, we have established the formal models of all variables (input, output, and intermediate) for solving the task of diagnosing rumen acidosis in cows. In case of emergence of new parameters directly related to acidosis, they can also be integrated into the intelligent system. Based on the formalized data obtained at this stage of the research, in the second part of the study, it is planned to apply computer technologies to create the intelligent system for assessing rumen acidosis pathology in cows.
Biochemical Parameters of Blood Serum in Cats with Nephrocardial Syndrome
Introduction. Nephrocardial syndrome (NCS) is a complex of interrelated disorders, which includes chronic kidney disease (CKD) resulting in development of secondary myocardial dysfunction and structural cardiac remodeling. CKD is one of the most common pathologies in older cats. Although cases of nephrocardial syndrome in cats have been described in the literature, its precise pathophysiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Particularly insufficient are the scientific data regarding the role of systemic inflammation and protein and energy metabolism disorders related to NCS pathogenesis and progression. The aim of the study is to investigate the biochemical parameters of blood serum in cats with nephrocardial syndrome for identifying the specific patterns of disorders and developing the improved diagnostic and therapeutic techniques. Materials and Methods. A retrospective analysis of 82 medical records of cats admitted to the Moscow veterinary clinics in the period of 2021 — 2025 was conducted. Two experimental groups of animals were formed (37 cats with NCS; 23 cats with CKD without cardiac complications) and one control group (22 healthy cats). Research methods included serum biochemistry (total protein, albumin/globulin fractions, C-reactive protein, azotemia and ketonemia markers), as well as instrumental methods (echocardiography, ECG). Results. In cats with NCS, pronounced dysproteinemia was revealed: hypoalbuminemia (28.1±0.5 g/l versus 34.2±0.6 g/l in the control group), hyperglobulinemia (42.6±1.4 g/l), a significant decrease in the albumin to globulin ratio (0.69±0.03 versus 1.02±0.07 in the control group). The level of C-reactive protein in animals with NCS exceeded the values of both healthy cats (164.1±5.6 g/l versus 82.9±1.4 g/l) and the cats from the group with CKD without cardiac complications (128.5±3.2 g/l), which confirms the presence of systemic inflammation. Azotemia parameters (urea, creatinine, SDMA) did not significantly differ in groups with CKD and NCS, but were higher, compared to the control group. Discussion and Conclusion. The increased ketogenesis was detected in cats with both pathologies, which is likely due to uremic intoxication and catabolic processes. NCS in cats is characterized by pronounced systemic inflammation, impaired protein metabolism, and metabolic shifts. The obtained results emphasize the importance of integrating inflammatory and metabolic markers interpretation into the diagnostics of NCS, as well as the need for further research to establish the cause-and-effect relationships within the nephrocardial continuum.
Using Computed Tomography Scanning for Diagnosing Masticatory Muscle Pathologies in Dogs
Introduction. The problem of diagnosing the masticatory muscle pathologies in dogs remains relevant both for veterinary science and practice, as masticatory muscle diseases can lead to the loss of appetite and, as a result, to deterioration of animal overall health. Modern imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT) scanning, are still rarely used in veterinary medicine for diagnosing the pathologies. The aim of the present study is to perform CT scanning of the masticatory muscles in dogs and evaluate the diagnostic capacities of this technique by comparing the CT scans of these muscles to macroscopic anatomy sections thereof. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at the premises of VitaVet Veterinary Clinic and in the anatomical theatre of Don State Technical University from November 2023 to March 2024. The objects of the study were dogs (n=3). Three-phase CT scans were taken: arterial, venous, and delayed. After CT scanning and euthanasia, the animal cadavers were frozen at the temperature of –20°C for one week. The muscle sections for macroscopic anatomy analysis were obtained using a circular saw table. Alinement of CT images with the actual anatomical structure was established by comparing the macroscopic anatomy sections against the axial and sagittal CT projections of these structures. Results. The anatomical site and topographic relationships of the masticatory muscles with the associated tissues in canine cadavers were described using computed tomography scanning and macroscopic anatomy analysis of muscle sections. By comparing CT images to the macroscopic anatomy sections, a high degree of matching between them was revealed: the masseter muscle and temporalis muscle silhouettes on CT scans completely matched with their topography in frozen sections. Minor differences in tissue thickness and density were observed in the pterygoid muscles, which could be explained by the features of soft tissue cutting and shrinkage during freezing. Discussion and Conclusion. Computed tomography scanning is a preferred imaging technique for the masticatory muscles in the head of an animal, as it enables precise determination of the location, quantity, size, and intensity of morphological changes in the muscles reflecting their condition and degree of involvement in the pathological process. However, several constraints should be borne in mind when considering the obtained results: the study was conducted in a small number of animals; the pathologies were not clinically confirmed in the cadavers used for the study, etc. The prospects of future research lie in expansion of the size of a sample to include the animals of different breeds and ages, as well as in incorporation of the clinical cases of myositis, tumours and post-traumatic changes in the masticatory muscles. This will improve the accuracy of diagnostics and efficacy of therapy.
Trichinellosis in Badgers in the Rostov Region (Southern Russia)
Introduction. Nematodes of the genus Trichinella are the causative agents of trichinellosis, which affects humans and animals and causes significant economic damage to agricultural and food industries, especially with regard to food safety. Currently, the genus Trichinella includes 10 species and 3 genotypes, which are divided into 2 clades: encapsulated and non-encapsulated. In the wildlife, a wide range of animals participate as carriers in circulation of Trichinella, and badgers are one of the main natural reservoirs for this disease. The article provides the information on detection of the first case of Trichinella larvae in a badger in the Rostov region. Materials and Methods. The object of the study was a carcass of a badger hunted in the Sholokhov district of the Rostov region in August 2024. Detection with further study of larvae and capsules in the samples was carried out by the method of compressor trichinelloscopy. Afterwards, histological sections were made from the individual muscles, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to the standard technique. Results. Capsules of Trichinella were found in all the examined muscles of an animal. The largest number of them was found in the diaphragm and its crura. The larvae found belonged to the encapsulated ones and were located in capsules in groups or one at a time. Histological sections showed thick collagen shells of the capsules surrounded from the outside by thin membranes of connective tissue. The results of capsule morphometry showed that their size didn't differ depending on their location in the badger’s body; the shape of the capsules in all muscles was almost round. Discussion and Conclusion. The capsule shape indices calculated based on the morphometric results are closer to the corresponding indices of T. nativa than T. spiralis, however, this does not allow us to make fully accurate conclusions about the species membership of Trichinella, since the molecular genetic studies or the use of Western blot are required for precise diagnostics. Thus, the study of Trichinella species distribution and composition remains an extremely relevant objective that requires further research both in our region and worldwide.
Anatomical and Morphological Characteristics of Burmese Python (Python Molurus Bivittatus) Raised in Captivity and Pathological Changes in It
Introduction. The Burmese python (Python Molurus Bivittatus) is the third largest snake species in the world. In the wildlife, this snake breed is most often found in the countries of South and Southeast Asia, however, in recent years, these beautiful and docile reptiles have become popular around the world as pets. Burmese pythons are kept and bred by specialists in zoos and at zoo exhibitions as well as by amateurs. For keeping at home, it is recommended to purchase a specimen born and raised in captivity and create for it conditions that imitate its natural habitat. Pythons originate from the tropical and subtropical zones, therefore, when kept at home, high air humidity should be maintained, and a water reservoir should be provided for the semi-aquatic reptiles to bathe, which is especially important for correct snake molting. Unfortunately, more and more often these exotic animals become patients of veterinary clinics or die due to various reasons. The aim of the study is to establish the anatomical and morphological characteristics of Burmese python specimens raised in captivity, as well as pathological changes in them upon death. Materials and Methods. In 2024–2025, two corpses of Burmese python (male and female) from a private collection were delivered to “Khimera” veterinary clinic (Ussuriysk, Primorsky Territory). Cytological, bacteriological and histological studies were carried out to establish the cause of death. The studies were carried out in an artificially lighted dissection room using the method of complete autopsy during which the metric parameters of organs, as well as pathological changes in them were established. Results. It was determined that the morphometric parameters of the body and internal organs in male and female Burmese pythons differed in size related to the age, whereas some organs were almost of the same length regardless of sex and age. It was established that death of the male python occurred due to acute pneumonia, which could become a background reason for probable drowning. The female python died from acute pneumonia caused by the bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi. Discussion and Conclusion. The data obtained during the study of the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the internal organs of male and female specimens of Burmese python, and pathological changes in the organs of reptiles upon death, can be used in the practical work of veterinarians and herpetologists.
Subchronic Toxicity of D-Cyphenothrin-, Piperonyl Butoxide- and Pyriproxyfen-Based Insecticide-Acaricide upon Its External Use in Laying Chickens
Introduction. Implementation of safe and efficient insecticides-acaricides suitable for using in the presence of poultry infected with ectoparasites is particularly relevant for poultry farming specializing in egg production. The development and implementation of new medicinal products into veterinary practice is a complicated process requiring comprehensive preclinical studies. The objective of this research is to investigate the subchronic toxicity of a new D-cyphenothrin-, piperonyl butoxide-, and pyriproxyfen-based antiparasitic product and the effect of its external use on homeostasis in egg-laying chickens. Materials and Methods. A subchronic toxicity study of the D-cyphenothrin-, piperonyl butoxide- and pyriproxyfen-based medicinal product was conducted in 2024 at Podolsk Experimental and Production Base of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants – Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center – All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine (VIEV) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fifteen Hisex White chickens were divided into three groups of five birds each. Before each treatment, a 5.0% solution of the product was diluted in water at a ratio of 1:1000. A dose of 10.0 ml per 0.3 kg of body weight was assumed to be a therapeutic dose. Birds in the two experimental groups were treated in dosage of 33.3 ml/kg and 100.0 ml/kg, respectively, using a fine-mist spray pump. Chickens from the third control group were not treated. Treatment with a 0.005% aqueous emulsion of the medicinal product was carried out 6 times with an interval of 48 hours. The dynamics of changes in chicken weight, body temperature, some hematological and biochemical blood parameters was monitored, along with the features of behavior, feed and water intake. Results. No significant changes in body weight in birds from the two experimental groups were recorded. Compared to the control group, no statistically significant changes in body temperature of chickens were revealed throughout the experiment. Six-fold application of the increased dose of the medicinal product resulted in destabilization of red blood cell parameters and decrease of protein metabolism in chickens from the second experimental group; however, these changes were reversible. Accordingly, a dose of 100.0 ml/kg can be assumed a threshold dose of no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), and 33.3 ml/kg can be assumed a safe one of no observed effect level (NOEL). Discussion and Conclusion. Statistically significant changes in some blood parameters in chickens were observed after six applications of a 0.005% aqueous emulsion of the new combined insecticide-acaricide at a dose of 100.0 ml/kg. However, these changes were reversible. Taking into account the threefold increase of the therapeutic dose in the experiment, the product proved to have a wide range of safe dosages for external use. Therefore, the antiparasitic treatment with the 0.005% aqueous emulsion of the combined product in dosage of 33.3 ml/kg can be ascertained safe for poultry.
Preclinical Trials in White Mice and Rabbits of the Improved “Associated Inactivated Emulsion Vaccine against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease (BVD), Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 (BPIV-3) and Chlamydia in Cattle”
Introduction. Infectious respiratory and intestinal diseases in cattle are multifactorial diseases, which explains the associated viral or viral-bacterial etiology of the infection among productive livestock. Combating associated respiratory and intestinal infections in cattle is carried in the vast majority of countries in the world and requires efficient measures and medications. The aim of the present research is conducting the preclinical trials in white mice and rabbits of the experimental series of the “Associated inactivated emulsion vaccine against IBR, BVD, BPIV-3 and chlamydia in cattle” improved by expanding the chlamydial antigen spectrum. Materials and Methods. The trials were conducted in the Animal Viral Disease Laboratory of the Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety (Kazan) from February to November 2024. Two versions of the biopharmaceutical were produced: a standard associated vaccine and an experimental vaccine with the AMK-16 and MZ-89 strains added to the chlamydial antigen. White mice and rabbits served as laboratory animals. The vaccines were evaluated for sterility, safety, tolerability, antigenic activity, impact on antiviral humoral immunity and immunogenicity. Results. Both versions of the associated vaccine had proved to be sterile, harmless, and well-tolerated by laboratory animals. Changing the chlamydial antigen composition of the associated vaccine did not have an adverse effect on the development of antiviral humoral immunity in laboratory animals. The level of specific anti-chlamydial antibodies in rabbits vaccinated with the improved vaccine was higher than in the group of rabbits vaccinated with the standard technology vaccine. The protection index in the group of white mice vaccinated with the improved vaccine was 1.3 times higher than that with the standard vaccine. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the improved associated vaccine, the same as the standard one, is well tolerated by laboratory animals. Expansion of the chlamydial antigen spectrum of the “Associated vaccine against IBR, BVD, BPIV-3 and Chlamydia in cattle” by adding additional strains did not have any negative effect on the development of antiviral humoral immunity in laboratory animals, but on the contrary had stimulated the development of a humoral response to the chlamydial antigen, thus, boosting the vaccine immunogenicity by 1.3 times.
Morphological Features and Histogenesis of Canine Nodal Lymphoma
Introduction. One of the most common types of oncopathologies are lymphoproliferative disorders, in particular, lymphomas. The disorders are characterised by the complicated development mechanisms, multiple etiological factors and their diverse biological features. In addition, the common origin of lymphoid cells makes different types of lymphomas morphologically similar and complicates their diagnostics. The morphological study used to be, currently is and will continue to be a gold standard in the oncological pathology diagnostics. However, the lack of clear morphological criteria and histological classifications of the various types of tumours in animals prevents from adequate diagnostics of oncological diseases in them. The above urges to conduct a thorough study of various morphological types of lymphomas to identify their differential diagnostic features. The aim of the research is to study the morphological features and histogenesis of canine nodal lymphoma to facilitate the diagnostics and develop the efficient targeted therapy protocols. Materials and Methods. The objects of the study conducted in the network of veterinary laboratories “VETLAB” (Moscow) in the period from January 2024 to January 2025 were the lymph nodes in dogs with the signs of nodal lymphoma. All samples (n = 30) were prepared according to the standard technique of histological sample preparation. Histological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin were obtained, and microscopy was performed. A comparative estimation and contrasting against the following morphological criteria were carried out: tumour growth pattern, spread of tumour in the tissue, tumour cell structure, size and location of nuclei, chromatin structure, presence of mitoses, and tumour microenvironment. Results. By studying the canine nodal lymphoma features by means of microscopy, a number of significant differential diagnostic features were identified enabling to distinguish the following morphological variants of lymphomas: large-cell and small-cell lymphomas, immunoblastic, centroblastic and lymphoblastic lymphomas. Prognostic features included: proliferative index, diffuse growth pattern, cellular microenvironment, and tumour vascularization. Discussion and Conclusion. The study had identified the main morphological variants and cell types of canine nodal lymphomas. Morphological features and differential diagnostic criteria for microscopic study of lymphomas were determined. The obtained data can be used in the every-day practices of a pathologist for morphological verification of canine lymphomas, and also become the basis for histological classification of tumours of lymphoid tissue in animals.