Peer-reviewed journal Russian Journal of Veterinary Pathology
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Trichinellosis in Badgers in the Rostov Region (Southern Russia)
Introduction. Nematodes of the genus Trichinella are the causative agents of trichinellosis, which affects humans and animals and causes significant economic damage to agricultural and food industries, especially with regard to food safety. Currently, the genus Trichinella includes 10 species and 3 genotypes, which are divided into 2 clades: encapsulated and non-encapsulated. In the wildlife, a wide range of animals participate as carriers in circulation of Trichinella, and badgers are one of the main natural reservoirs for this disease. The article provides the information on detection of the first case of Trichinella larvae in a badger in the Rostov region. Materials and Methods. The object of the study was a carcass of a badger hunted in the Sholokhov district of the Rostov region in August 2024. Detection with further study of larvae and capsules in the samples was carried out by the method of compressor trichinelloscopy. Afterwards, histological sections were made from the individual muscles, which were stained with hematoxylin and eosin according to the standard technique. Results. Capsules of Trichinella were found in all the examined muscles of an animal. The largest number of them was found in the diaphragm and its crura. The larvae found belonged to the encapsulated ones and were located in capsules in groups or one at a time. Histological sections showed thick collagen shells of the capsules surrounded from the outside by thin membranes of connective tissue. The results of capsule morphometry showed that their size didn't differ depending on their location in the badger’s body; the shape of the capsules in all muscles was almost round. Discussion and Conclusion. The capsule shape indices calculated based on the morphometric results are closer to the corresponding indices of T. nativa than T. spiralis, however, this does not allow us to make fully accurate conclusions about the species membership of Trichinella, since the molecular genetic studies or the use of Western blot are required for precise diagnostics. Thus, the study of Trichinella species distribution and composition remains an extremely relevant objective that requires further research both in our region and worldwide.
Anatomical and Morphological Characteristics of Burmese Python (Python Molurus Bivittatus) Raised in Captivity and Pathological Changes in It
Introduction. The Burmese python (Python Molurus Bivittatus) is the third largest snake species in the world. In the wildlife, this snake breed is most often found in the countries of South and Southeast Asia, however, in recent years, these beautiful and docile reptiles have become popular around the world as pets. Burmese pythons are kept and bred by specialists in zoos and at zoo exhibitions as well as by amateurs. For keeping at home, it is recommended to purchase a specimen born and raised in captivity and create for it conditions that imitate its natural habitat. Pythons originate from the tropical and subtropical zones, therefore, when kept at home, high air humidity should be maintained, and a water reservoir should be provided for the semi-aquatic reptiles to bathe, which is especially important for correct snake molting. Unfortunately, more and more often these exotic animals become patients of veterinary clinics or die due to various reasons. The aim of the study is to establish the anatomical and morphological characteristics of Burmese python specimens raised in captivity, as well as pathological changes in them upon death. Materials and Methods. In 2024–2025, two corpses of Burmese python (male and female) from a private collection were delivered to “Khimera” veterinary clinic (Ussuriysk, Primorsky Territory). Cytological, bacteriological and histological studies were carried out to establish the cause of death. The studies were carried out in an artificially lighted dissection room using the method of complete autopsy during which the metric parameters of organs, as well as pathological changes in them were established. Results. It was determined that the morphometric parameters of the body and internal organs in male and female Burmese pythons differed in size related to the age, whereas some organs were almost of the same length regardless of sex and age. It was established that death of the male python occurred due to acute pneumonia, which could become a background reason for probable drowning. The female python died from acute pneumonia caused by the bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi. Discussion and Conclusion. The data obtained during the study of the anatomical and morphological characteristics of the internal organs of male and female specimens of Burmese python, and pathological changes in the organs of reptiles upon death, can be used in the practical work of veterinarians and herpetologists.
Subchronic Toxicity of D-Cyphenothrin-, Piperonyl Butoxide- and Pyriproxyfen-Based Insecticide-Acaricide upon Its External Use in Laying Chickens
Introduction. Implementation of safe and efficient insecticides-acaricides suitable for using in the presence of poultry infected with ectoparasites is particularly relevant for poultry farming specializing in egg production. The development and implementation of new medicinal products into veterinary practice is a complicated process requiring comprehensive preclinical studies. The objective of this research is to investigate the subchronic toxicity of a new D-cyphenothrin-, piperonyl butoxide-, and pyriproxyfen-based antiparasitic product and the effect of its external use on homeostasis in egg-laying chickens. Materials and Methods. A subchronic toxicity study of the D-cyphenothrin-, piperonyl butoxide- and pyriproxyfen-based medicinal product was conducted in 2024 at Podolsk Experimental and Production Base of the All-Russian Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants – Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center – All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Veterinary Medicine (VIEV) of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Fifteen Hisex White chickens were divided into three groups of five birds each. Before each treatment, a 5.0% solution of the product was diluted in water at a ratio of 1:1000. A dose of 10.0 ml per 0.3 kg of body weight was assumed to be a therapeutic dose. Birds in the two experimental groups were treated in dosage of 33.3 ml/kg and 100.0 ml/kg, respectively, using a fine-mist spray pump. Chickens from the third control group were not treated. Treatment with a 0.005% aqueous emulsion of the medicinal product was carried out 6 times with an interval of 48 hours. The dynamics of changes in chicken weight, body temperature, some hematological and biochemical blood parameters was monitored, along with the features of behavior, feed and water intake. Results. No significant changes in body weight in birds from the two experimental groups were recorded. Compared to the control group, no statistically significant changes in body temperature of chickens were revealed throughout the experiment. Six-fold application of the increased dose of the medicinal product resulted in destabilization of red blood cell parameters and decrease of protein metabolism in chickens from the second experimental group; however, these changes were reversible. Accordingly, a dose of 100.0 ml/kg can be assumed a threshold dose of no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL), and 33.3 ml/kg can be assumed a safe one of no observed effect level (NOEL). Discussion and Conclusion. Statistically significant changes in some blood parameters in chickens were observed after six applications of a 0.005% aqueous emulsion of the new combined insecticide-acaricide at a dose of 100.0 ml/kg. However, these changes were reversible. Taking into account the threefold increase of the therapeutic dose in the experiment, the product proved to have a wide range of safe dosages for external use. Therefore, the antiparasitic treatment with the 0.005% aqueous emulsion of the combined product in dosage of 33.3 ml/kg can be ascertained safe for poultry.
Preclinical Trials in White Mice and Rabbits of the Improved “Associated Inactivated Emulsion Vaccine against Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR), Bovine Viral Diarrhea/Mucosal Disease (BVD), Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 (BPIV-3) and Chlamydia in Cattle”
Introduction. Infectious respiratory and intestinal diseases in cattle are multifactorial diseases, which explains the associated viral or viral-bacterial etiology of the infection among productive livestock. Combating associated respiratory and intestinal infections in cattle is carried in the vast majority of countries in the world and requires efficient measures and medications. The aim of the present research is conducting the preclinical trials in white mice and rabbits of the experimental series of the “Associated inactivated emulsion vaccine against IBR, BVD, BPIV-3 and chlamydia in cattle” improved by expanding the chlamydial antigen spectrum. Materials and Methods. The trials were conducted in the Animal Viral Disease Laboratory of the Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety (Kazan) from February to November 2024. Two versions of the biopharmaceutical were produced: a standard associated vaccine and an experimental vaccine with the AMK-16 and MZ-89 strains added to the chlamydial antigen. White mice and rabbits served as laboratory animals. The vaccines were evaluated for sterility, safety, tolerability, antigenic activity, impact on antiviral humoral immunity and immunogenicity. Results. Both versions of the associated vaccine had proved to be sterile, harmless, and well-tolerated by laboratory animals. Changing the chlamydial antigen composition of the associated vaccine did not have an adverse effect on the development of antiviral humoral immunity in laboratory animals. The level of specific anti-chlamydial antibodies in rabbits vaccinated with the improved vaccine was higher than in the group of rabbits vaccinated with the standard technology vaccine. The protection index in the group of white mice vaccinated with the improved vaccine was 1.3 times higher than that with the standard vaccine. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the improved associated vaccine, the same as the standard one, is well tolerated by laboratory animals. Expansion of the chlamydial antigen spectrum of the “Associated vaccine against IBR, BVD, BPIV-3 and Chlamydia in cattle” by adding additional strains did not have any negative effect on the development of antiviral humoral immunity in laboratory animals, but on the contrary had stimulated the development of a humoral response to the chlamydial antigen, thus, boosting the vaccine immunogenicity by 1.3 times.
Morphological Features and Histogenesis of Canine Nodal Lymphoma
Introduction. One of the most common types of oncopathologies are lymphoproliferative disorders, in particular, lymphomas. The disorders are characterised by the complicated development mechanisms, multiple etiological factors and their diverse biological features. In addition, the common origin of lymphoid cells makes different types of lymphomas morphologically similar and complicates their diagnostics. The morphological study used to be, currently is and will continue to be a gold standard in the oncological pathology diagnostics. However, the lack of clear morphological criteria and histological classifications of the various types of tumours in animals prevents from adequate diagnostics of oncological diseases in them. The above urges to conduct a thorough study of various morphological types of lymphomas to identify their differential diagnostic features. The aim of the research is to study the morphological features and histogenesis of canine nodal lymphoma to facilitate the diagnostics and develop the efficient targeted therapy protocols. Materials and Methods. The objects of the study conducted in the network of veterinary laboratories “VETLAB” (Moscow) in the period from January 2024 to January 2025 were the lymph nodes in dogs with the signs of nodal lymphoma. All samples (n = 30) were prepared according to the standard technique of histological sample preparation. Histological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin were obtained, and microscopy was performed. A comparative estimation and contrasting against the following morphological criteria were carried out: tumour growth pattern, spread of tumour in the tissue, tumour cell structure, size and location of nuclei, chromatin structure, presence of mitoses, and tumour microenvironment. Results. By studying the canine nodal lymphoma features by means of microscopy, a number of significant differential diagnostic features were identified enabling to distinguish the following morphological variants of lymphomas: large-cell and small-cell lymphomas, immunoblastic, centroblastic and lymphoblastic lymphomas. Prognostic features included: proliferative index, diffuse growth pattern, cellular microenvironment, and tumour vascularization. Discussion and Conclusion. The study had identified the main morphological variants and cell types of canine nodal lymphomas. Morphological features and differential diagnostic criteria for microscopic study of lymphomas were determined. The obtained data can be used in the every-day practices of a pathologist for morphological verification of canine lymphomas, and also become the basis for histological classification of tumours of lymphoid tissue in animals.
Development of a Methodology for Obtaining Connective Tissue Bioequivalent from Rabbits
Introduction. The potential of cell therapy and tissue engineering technologies in veterinary medicine is quite high. However, the use of these technologies in the Russian Federation is currently limited due to the absence of standardized protocols for cell isolation, donor selection and creation of tissue equivalents. Development of a methodology for obtaining connective tissue bioequivalent is particularly relevant for clinical veterinary medicine, as connective tissue constitutes up to the half of the body weight and ensures the normal functioning of skin, mucous membranes, and internal organs of animals. The aim of this study is to develop a methodology for obtaining connective tissue equivalent from rabbits. Materials and Мethods. The study was conducted at Don State Technical University (DSTU) from November 13, 2023 to March 17, 2025. The objects of the study were multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MMSCs) and fibroblasts from adult male rabbits. Enzymatic methods were used to isolate MMSCs from the greater omentum and fibroblasts from the animal skin. Stable cell lines were obtained, and their differentiation potential was studied in vitro during myogenic and lipogenic induction. Connective tissue equivalents were created using 3D extrusion bioprinting, their morphological properties were studied by means of light, confocal, and electron microscopy. Results. Application of the sets of factors during induction ensured the adipogenic and myogenic differentiation of MMSCs. Adipogenic differentiation came along with formation of lipid droplets, while myogenic differentiation — with formation of myotubes. 3D bioprinting enabled creation of connective tissue equivalents with maintained cell viability, developing intercellular contacts, and active secretion for at least 72 hours. Discussion and Сonclusion. A new approach to obtaining connective tissue equivalents from rabbits was developed by optimizing MMSCs isolation and differentiation techniques. The resulting constructs demonstrated morphological and functional activity, thus, confirmed their potential for using in clinical veterinary medicine for regeneration of connective tissue and for experimental studies.
Main Indices of Laboratory Rabbit Cardiovascular System
Introduction. Rabbits, ferrets, dogs, miniature pigs and monkeys are considered to be the preferable test systems for assessing the efficacy of the developed medicinal products for the cardiovascular system. The heart rate and distribution of cardiac ion channels in the heart of these species is similar to that in the human heart. The present work focuses on rabbits as they are one of the most widely used species in preclinical research, however, the results of measurements carried out on a sufficient sample of intact animals can hardly be found in the open sources. Thus, the aim of the study is to determine the features of the electrocardiogram and to establish the reference intervals of the key cardiovascular indices as well as of the blood pressure in the sexually mature laboratory rabbits of different breeds, ages and sexes, and to compare the obtained data with that in the literature sources. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at JSC “Research-and-Manufacturing Company “Home of Pharmacy” (Leningrad Region) in the period from 2019 to 2024. 597 electrocardiograms and 863 values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in rabbits of various breeds and sexes aged 4 to 8 months were analysed and reference intervals for them were calculated. To minimise possible variability of parameters caused by stress and motor activity of animals, they were anesthetized during physiological studies with a drug containing tiletamine and zolazepam (5 mg / kg) in combination with xylazine hydrochloride (1–2 mg / kg) administered intramuscularly or intravenously. The data were retrieved by recording the background values in all rabbits in the experiment (before administering the studied medicinal products), as well as in rabbits in the control and intact groups. Reference intervals were calculated using a nonparametric (number of values more than 120) or robust (number of values less than 120) methods. Results. When studying the electrocardiograms of rabbits, the highest variability was noted in the P wave. Also, the absence of one of the Q, S, T waves in one or two leads and absence of S-T and T-P intervals were frequently observed. When comparing rabbit breeds and body weight ranges, no significant differences were found in the calculated reference intervals of the indices assessed. When comparing to the literature sources, the electrocardiogram parameters mainly matched the obtained reference intervals, except for the QRS interval. The obtained intervals of blood pressure indices in the state of anaesthesia were significantly lower than the values presented in the literature for the awaken animals. Discussion and Conclusion. The calculated reference intervals of the most of electrocardiogram parameters in different rabbit breeds are comparable to the data available in literature and do not significantly vary in relation to age, weight and sex. The obtained reference intervals and the described features of the electrocardiogram of rabbits can be used in the analysis and interpretation of data received during preclinical research.
Using the Vertebral Heart Scale Method of Measurement during X-Ray Diagnostics of Thoracic Cavity in Dogs and Cats: A Literature Review
Introduction. In veterinary medicine, X-ray diagnostics is one of the most popular and affordable methods of visual diagnostics of pathologies not only of the musculoskeletal system, but also of some parenchymatous organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Identification of cardiac pathologies most often begins with X-ray examination, however, the use of special techniques is sometimes required for reliable determination of the presence or absence of cardiomegaly in animals under examination. One of the most reliable methods for assessing the condition of the heart is the vertebral heart scale (VHS) method. The aim of the present review is to summarise the data available in literature sources on the use of the vertebral heart scale method during X-ray diagnostics of the feline and canine thoracic cavity, and to assess the relevance and prospects for development of this technique. Materials and Methods. The search for the articles for the scientific review was conducted in the PubMed and eLIBRARY.RU databases. The search covered only publications in Russian and English, published between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2024. According to the criteria of including a scientific paper in a review, the article should have met the following selection criteria: 1) contain information about using the vertebral heart scale method of measurement in dogs or cats, 2) have a full-text version. The results were presented in the form of PRISMA flow chart and a table. Results. The review encompassed 31 articles. In the papers, the following aspects were in the focus of study: vertebral heart scale (VHS) measurements in dogs and cats in the normal and pathological condition; requirements to the technique of taking X-rays intended for vertebral heart scale measurement; the use of artificial intelligence technologies to measure the vertebral heart scale in dogs and cats. The VHS values for different dog breeds were presented in a form of a table indicating the year of the study. Discussion and Conclusion. According to the available scientific data, the vertebral heart scale method of measurement has proved to be an efficient alternative to other more labor-consuming and expensive methods of feline and canine cardiomegaly diagnostics. However, it is necessary to remember that this method has limitations. Further research in this area could aim at obtaining new data on species-, breed-, age-specific, physiological and pathological features of VHS measurements in dogs and cats. The use of artificial intelligence technologies for measuring the vertebral heart scale in cats and dogs is a highly potential trend.
Photodynamic Therapy: The History of Formation and Development of the Neoplasm Treatment Method
At present, there exist many examples of successful implementation of photodynamic therapy in treatment of tumours of various localizations, as well as skin neoplasms and infectious diseases in both humans and animals. The article traces formation and development of the photodynamic therapy, shows the influence of the type of photosensitizer and the dose of radiation applied on the efficiency of treatment, it emphasizes the potential of this method due to its low invasiveness and ability to minimize side effects.
Strategies of Equine Helminth Control in the Far East Region of Russia: A Pilot Study
Introduction. Equine helminthiasis, especially in the context of parasite resistance growth, remains an acute issue in the veterinary practices. In Russia, despite the availability of international guidelines, there are still no enough data on the parasite control measures really taken by the veterinary specialists and animal owners. The present pilot study aims at evaluating the level of awareness of horse owners and veterinary specialists about the advanced methods of combating helminth infections, as well as at analysing approaches to deworming and determining the possibility of using targeted treatment strategies in the Far East Region. The main objective is to identify the contradictions between the existing practices and scientific recommendations on prevention of anthelmintic resistance. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in September–October 2024 and was based on a questionnaire survey held among horse owners and veterinary specialists in the Far East Region of Russia. Several owners from other regions were interviewed to compare deworming practices. In total, 148 people participated in the survey. Online questionnaires and individual interviews were used to collect data. Questionnaires included the questions about frequency and methods of deworming, the use of diagnostic tests, knowledge about resistance and sources of getting information. To identify statistical relationships, the data were processed using the methods of descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results. In the frame of the study, it was found that in the Far East the methods of interval deworming of horses were the most popular among the horse owners and veterinarians. Respondents were highly aware of the problem of anthelmintic resistance (73.13% among the owners and 78.57% among the veterinarians), but only 17.56% of the owners used the Faecal Egg Count (FEC) prior to deworming. Frequent consultations provided by the veterinarians did not much help to persuade the owners to implement the diagnostic tests or adhere to the quarantine measures. 72.39% of owners and 75% of veterinarians preferred using the macrocyclic lactones, which could exacerbate the risk of anthelmintic resistance development. However, the use of the anthelmintics rotation practices by the majority of owners (82.14%) and veterinarians (71.43%) makes it possible to feel optimistic. Logistic regression has revealed that knowledge on parasitic diseases has a positive effect on the use of FECs. Discussion and Conclusion. The pilot study revealed the gaps between the knowledge on helminth control methods and their practical implementation. The majority of owners and veterinarians are aware of the problem of anthelmintic resistance, however diagnostic testing remains insufficient. To efficiently combat parasites, it is necessary to increase the quality of consultation services and implement the targeted deworming practices based on diagnostic tests.
H₂S-Dependent Mechanisms of Caspase-3 Expression and Localization in Brain Cells of Mice with Traumatic Brain Injury
Introduction. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a neurotrauma widespread in animals. TBI causes a complex cascade of pathological processes: primary brain injury turns into secondary brain injury associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and apoptosis. Secondary injury aggravates the condition after injury. In this regard, the role of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) as a gasotransmitter involved in neuromodulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic processes in the central nervous system is of particular interest. Caspase-3 is an important element in TBI-induced apoptosis. H₂S has a potential to modulate the expression and activity of caspase-3 affecting the survival of nerve cells and brain recovery after TBI. However, H₂S-dependent mechanisms of caspase-3 regulation in traumatic injury are not fully investigated. The aim of the research is to study the role of H₂S in the expression and localization of caspase-3 in neurons and astrocytes of mice with TBI. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted at the Bioengineering Department of DSTU (Rostov-on-Don) from April 20 to June 1, 2024 in conditions compliant with the international and national standards. The objects of the study were 36 adult male mice divided into three groups: control group and two experimental ones. TBI was simulated by dropping a weight (200 g) on the intact skulls of mice anesthetized with chloral hydrate. During 7 days after the TBI, the animals were daily administered the sodium sulfide (Na₂S), a donor of H₂S, which can efficiently release H₂S, or the aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), an inhibitor of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), an enzyme responsible for the endogenous synthesis of H₂S, until the animals were withdrawn from the experiment. The use of Na₂S and AOAA enabled efficient modulation of the level of endogenous H₂S in the brain. The control group was administered physiological saline solution. Brain sections fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution were incubated with antibodies to caspase-3 and to the neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN) or to the astrocytic marker (GFAP). Colocalization was assessed using the ImageJ software. Caspase-3 expression in the brain penumbra was analysed by Western blotting using primary antibodies against caspase-3 and β-actin and secondary antibodies IgG conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. For detection, the chemiluminescence method was used. Results. The initial level of caspase-3 in the brain cells of mice under study was low. Seven days after injury, TBI had induced caspase-3 expression in neurons and glial cells of the ipsilateral injured hemisphere in animals of all groups. Administering the donor Na₂S led to decrease of caspase-3 level in neurons by 32%, whereas administering the inhibitor AOAA led to its increase by 31% compared to the injured nerve cells of animals from the control group, which were administered the physiological saline solution. This was confirmed by the values of the M1 colocalization coefficient demonstrating colocalization of caspase-3-positive cells with the neuronal nuclear antigen (NeuN). Similar effects were demonstrated in astrocytes, which were visualized using the astrocyte-specific marker GFAP. Western blot analysis confirmed these data and showed a significant decrease of caspase-3 level with administering Na₂S and its increase with that of AOAA 7 days after TBI. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate that TBI leads to significant activation of caspase-3 in neurons and astrocytes of the injured hemisphere of mice brain, which means development of apoptosis in response to traumatic injury. Administering Na₂S has efficiently decreased caspase-3 level, which indicates its neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effect. Whereas, administering the AOAA has induced an increase in caspase-3 expression, which confirms the important role of CBS and, therefore, of H₂S in regulation of cell death after TBI. The reliability of these findings was ascertained by both immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis. The obtained data contribute to better understanding the fundamental H₂S-dependent signaling mechanisms of survival and death of neurons and glial cells during traumatic injury of the nervous system. The CBS inhibitor and H₂S donor used in our study may serve a basis for development of the clinically efficient neuroprotective agents.
Monitoring Chicken Infectious Diseases in the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea
Introduction. One of the major goals set before the agro-industrial complex is to supply the population of the Russian Federation with the high-quality raw materials and products of animal husbandry. Therefore, poultry farms are implementing modern technologies of intensive poultry farming and carry out regular prophylactic work to ensure epizootological safety of poultry rearing. To make these measures effective, it is necessary to specify the diseases typical for poultry in different regions of the country. The aim of the research is to study and analyse the pathogens isolated from pathological material from chickens reared in the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea for planning the effective anti-epizootic, preventive and therapeutic measures. Materials and Methods. The objects of the study were chickens from the poultry farms of the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea and biological material from dead birds (pathological material). In total, 2018 samples were examined during the period of 2019–2023. The research was carried out using a range of methods (epizootological, clinical, pathoanatomical, bacteriological, serological) based on the commonly accepted techniques. Results. During a five-year research period, 5 pathogens of infectious diseases were isolated from the pathological material obtained from chickens reared in the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea (E. coli, E. faecalis, St. aureus, Str. pneumoniaе, S. pullorum), both pure culture and mixed culture. 26 serotypes of E. coli pathogen were isolated from chickens. Whereas, percentage of escherichiosis detected in chickens in the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea equaled to 41.43%; enterococcosis — to 26.51%; staphylococcal infection — to 18.11%; streptococcosis — to 12.29 %; salmonellosis — to 0.1%; mixed (escherichiosis and enterococcosis) infection — to 1.64%. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the conducted monitoring, it can be concluded that at poultry farms of the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea the current situation with the infectious diseases in chickens has improved compared to that five years ago, however, the percentage of escherichiosis, streptococcosis, staphylococcosis and enterococcosis morbidity in poultry is still quite high. Therefore, we recommend the management of the farms to plan the antiepizootic measures aimed at timely prevention of the above mentioned infectious diseases.
Morphological Study of the Culture of Brucella Suis under Different Low-Temperature Storage Conditions
Introduction. Brucellosis is a dangerous zoonotic disease indirectly and directly transmitted from animals to humans. Failure to comply with the veterinary requirements and rules in keeping animals and selling livestock products may result in a persistently adverse epizootic situation on brucellosis that can be prevented by timely vaccination. Vaccine efficacy may be affected by various factors, primarily by vaccine strain properties, which may change under adverse conditions (e.g. long-term storage). To mitigate the destructive effect of freezing, the bacterial cells are placed in various media, and therefore it is important to verify at morphological level the preservation of the structures of bacterial cells. However, no comprehensive morphological studies on the effect of various low-temperature storage conditions on the Brucella suis ultrastructure have been performed yet. The aim of the present research is to conduct a morphological analysis of bacteria Brucella suis (strain 22) to assess the features of the deep freezing effect on their ultrastructure in different conditions. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in 2024 at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Center for Toxicological, Radiation, and Biological Safety” (Kazan). The object of the study were suspensions of Brucella suis cells (strain 22) grown in different conditions. They were dehydrated and embedded in epoxy resins, then subjected to polymerization. The specimens for ultrastructural analysis were prepared according to the ultrathin section obtaining methodology, they were mounted using the lens-hoods, strained and viewed with a transmission electron microscope. Statistical processing of the research results was carried out in Statistica 6.0 and MS Excel programs using the Mann– Whitney test, with the initial significance level of α=0.05 and subsequent correction of significance level according to Bonferroni method (up to α=0.002). Results. When assessing the effect of deep freezing on the ultrastructure of bacteria Brucella suis (strain 22) grown in skim milk and sucrose-gelatin media, no morphological differences from the native strain were found. Statistically significant differences from the native strain were revealed only in the group where freeze drying was used, but these differences were within the standard deviation. Discussion and Conclusion. Based on the results of the morphological study on the effect of deep freezing on the ultrastructure of bacteria Brucella suis (strain 22), it can be concluded that skim milk and sucrose-gelatin are preferable media for low-temperature storage. In future, it is planned to study the features of the effect the other storage conditions have on the ultrastructure of genus Brucella bacteria to supplement the information in the strain data sheets. This work has an important practical value for creating the collections of microorganisms and developing diagnostic tools.
Use of Absolute Weights and Mass Coefficients of Beagle Dog Internal Organs Relative to Body and Brain Weights in Preclinical Studies
Introduction. Toxicity of new drugs should be evaluated in two species of laboratory animals, one of them being nonrodent species. In preclinical studies, dogs are used as second laboratory animal species. In toxicological research, analysis of organ weights is an important parameter to detect the target organs in test animals. Data on organ absolute and relative weights in animals aged 8–16 months are available in the existing scientific publications, however, none of these papers provide calculations relative to the weight of brain. The analysis of organ weights relative to the weight of brain is useful when changes in the normal dynamics of body weight are observed, since weight of a brain is more stable than weight of a body. Therefore, the objective of the present research is to determine absolute weights and reference intervals of mass coefficients of beagle dog organs relative to body and brain weights, and to compare the mass coefficients of dog organs, which have been calculated as a proportion of organ to body weight, to the data available in the literature. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted at the “Home of Pharmacy” (Leningrad Region) in 2022. To calculate the reference intervals, the data on 25 males and 17 females aged 14–22 months that participated in control groups of various experiments were used. The electronic scales were used to record organ weights. The statistical outliers were not evaluated, since the number of animals was small. A nonparametric method was chosen for calculating intervals. To create the reference intervals, the absolute organ weights and coefficients calculated relative to body and brain weights were analysed. For further visual comparison of data retrieved by the authors to that available in the literature, the mean value and standard deviation were calculated in the Statistica 10 software. Results. Absolute weights and reference intervals of mass coefficients of the heart, lungs with trachea, thymus, liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenal glands, brain, testes and ovaries were established relative to body and brain weights of beagle dogs aged 14 to 22 months. When compared to the data available in literature, discrepancies in liver weights of females were revealed, which may be caused by the different degree of organ exsanguination during necropsy. On the whole, the values obtained for the organs coincided with that in the publications, with the exception of thymus: since the dogs in the present research were older than animals described in the literature, the obtained discrepancy confirms the age-related involution of thymus. Discussion and Conclusion. Availability of internal laboratory reference intervals enables correct interpretation of the obtained results of organ weight measurements, thus, prevents the false positive and false negative results. Further research in this area will reduce data scattering, which in turn will enhance the quality, reliability and reproducibility of scientific results. Moreover, in the future, this may result in reduction of the number of animals used in experiments.
Stress-Protective and Adaptogenic Effect of Succinic Acid Determined in the Experiment with Laboratory Rats Exposed to Acoustic Load
Introduction. Today, the range of anthropogenic influences on the endothermic organism, including that caused by acoustic load, is growing so significantly that makes it necessary to search for the possible ways of preventing and correcting changes induced by noise exposure. Exposure of an organism to noise is attributed with neurohumoral mechanisms disbalance leading to catecholamine concentration increase in blood. This results in the microcirculation and tissue trophism disorder, cell membrane permeability increase, changes in structural and functional properties of integral and peripheral proteins, and lipid peroxidation intensity increase with the risk of hypoxia development. Therefore, the expedience of using succinic acid as an energy corrector should be justified experimentally. The present research aims at determining the stress- and adaptogenic properties of succinic acid in laboratory rats exposed to acoustic load. Materials and Methods. The research was conducted in the period from 2022 to 2023 at the Central Research Laboratory of the Amur State Medical Academy (Blagoveshchensk). The objects of the research were 90 white outbred male rats, divided into three groups: 1st – intact group, the animals were kept in the standard vivarium conditions and were not exposed to any influence; 2nd – control group, the animals were exposed to acoustic load daily for 60 minutes during 21 days preceded by daily intraperitoneal administration of isotonic sodium chloride solution at a dose of 1 ml/kg right before the start of acoustic loading; 3d – experimental group, prior to the acoustic loading start, the rats were daily intraperitoneally injected with succinic acid at a dose of 1 ml/kg during 21 days. The acoustic load was created by playing back through the speakers the recorded sound of a running motorcycle engine with the level of sound pressure of 95–105 dB. Stressprotective effect was determined by the weight of the adrenal glands, thymus gland, spleen and the number of gastric mucosa erosions. The adaptogenic effect of succinic acid was determined on the 7th, 14th and 21st days from the start of the experiment by the duration of rats’ swimming in the water. Results. The data obtained during the experiment has confirmed the adaptogenic effect of succinic acid in conditions of exposure to noise — the swimming time of rats from the experimental group increased by 25% (on the 7th day), by 27% (on the 14th day), by 32% (on the 21st day) compared to the control group. The stress-protective effect of succinic acid under acoustic load was manifested in prevention of thymus gland and spleen involution, on average, by 42% by the end of the experiment; and reduction by 2.5–3.5 times throughout the experiment of the number of gastric mucosa erosions in rats from the experimental group compared to the animals from the control group. Discussion and Conclusions. The adaptogenic and stress-protective effect of succinic acid on the organism under acoustic load has been confirmed: administering the succinate to laboratory rats exposed to noise improves their physical endurance, increases the mass coefficients of the thymus gland and spleen in the experimental group against the background of statistically significant reduction of the number of gastric mucosa erosions. This is related to normalization of the energyyielding and constructive metabolism and oxygen homeostasis, when administering the succinic acid, which ensures improvement of the compensatory and adaptive reaction capacity as a feedback to stress.
Etiological Structure of Canine Leptospirosis: A Literature Review
Introduction. One of the diseases most frequently registered in companion animals is leptospirosis, a natural focal zoonotic infection caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira, dangerous to humans. The main reservoirs hosts for spirochetes in wild fauna are rodents and insectivores, and in anthropurgic foci – domestic animals and cattle. Leptospirosis is widespread throughout the world, and despite the annual preventive measures, cases of disease in populations of susceptible animals continue to be detected and registered everywhere. To effectively combat the spread of infection, the comprehensive understanding of the etiological structure of leptospirosis is required. The aim of the present review is to summarise and analyse the data in native and foreign scientific papers on the causative agents of canine leptospirosis and the etiological structure of the disease. Materials and Methods. The search for the papers was carried out in databases of electronic libraries and journals (NCBI, ResearchGate, Springer, etc.) using the keywords: leptospirosis, dog, microagglutination test, serogroup, serovar. Papers published during the last 10 years in Russian and English were studied. The results were presented in a PRISMA flow chart and a table. Results. The conducted analysis of the prevalence of leptospirosis among dogs in different regions of the world indicates a generally adverse situation. The analysis of the etiological structure of the disease has revealed the presence of different serogroups and serovars depending on the geographical region, climate and vaccination history of animals. Discussion and Conclusion. Understanding the real epizootic situation on canine leptospirosis is important not only for veterinary medicine, but for humanitarian medicine as well. Development and implementation of efficient preventive measures require constant disease monitoring and laboratory research, which includes, in addition to serological surveillance of leptospirosis, detection of the new leptospira isolates during disease outbreaks. This will reveal a complete picture of the infectious process and will enable modeling the new specific immune preparations for combating the disease.
Vaginal Microbiocenosis of Newly-calved Cows in Climatic Conditions of Udmurtia
Introduction. The high prevalence of inflammatory processes in the organism of newly-calved cows, as well as the uncontrolled use of antibacterial preparations and growing number of drug-resistant pathogens, encourage researchers to continue search for the new methods and means of disease prevention and treatment. One of the important directions in this field is studying the competitive interactions within microbiota of animals. Analysis of different scientific sources allows us to conclude that, in the genital tract of cows, bacterial communities are formed under the influence of many factors, therefore our scientific interest is to study the vaginal microbiome of newly-calved cows in the climatic conditions of the Udmurt Republic, taking into account the seasonality and cow physiological state. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted in 2023–2024 at the livestock farming enterprise of the Udmurt Republic. The objects of the study were 12 newly-calved Holsteinized black-and-white breed cows in different physiological state: healthy cows and animals diagnosed with metritis. The study was conducted using a number of methods: vaginal examination of cows, microbiological examination of vaginal flush samples using the conventional method. Results. In clinically healthy newly-calved cows, the total number of microorganisms was within 87–94 CFU/ml, while in cows with metritis, this indicator varied within 90–443 CFU/ml. During the microbiological examination of the vaginal samples, the composition of collibacillus, staphylococcus, and bifidobacteria was found in microbiota of all experimental animals. In summer, a large number of E. coli were detected in sick animals, while in winter mainly bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus were found. As a result of competitive interactions between bifidobacteria and opportunistic microbiota in the vagina, in summer, the number of the Bifidobacteriaceae family representatives was insignificant (101) or completely absent. Discussion and Conclusion. A correlation between the clinical status and seasonality of vaginal microbiota in newlycalved cows raised in the climatic conditions of Udmurtia was found. Further scientific research is needed to develop the efficient probiotic preparations preventing cervicitis and metritis in cows.
Dental Care for Small Domestic Animals in the Russian Federation and Proposals for Its Improvement
For successful development of veterinary dentistry in Russia, it is necessary to understand the background of the issue and the reasons of some acute problems faced by the modern public and private veterinary medical institutions in organisation of dental care for small domestic animals. The article aims to provide a brief overview of the history of veterinary dentistry in Russia and analyse the current state of the art in this sector. Among the main problems to be highlighted are the absence of the veterinary dentistry curricula in the sector-specific universities and the insufficiency of the normative documents regulating clinical activities.
Helminth Fauna of Bats of the Rostov Region: Review. 4. Acanthocephala. General Conclusions
Introduction. The thorny-headed worms (Acanthocephala) are a small group of helminths, currently classified as a phylum. Adult helminths live in the intestines of various vertebrates. Eggs are excreted into the environment with feces, and in this way infest the arthropods, who are the intermediate hosts. The life cycles of some acanthocephala species can get complicated due to inclusion of the facultative, transport, paratenic or postcyclic hosts. Сhiropterans can be the definitive, intermediate or paratenic hosts for the various groups of parasitic worms, therefore they are an important link in the epizootic chains of spreading the invasive diseases. The aim of the articles of this series is to study the species composition of helminths parasitizing in bats of the Rostov Region. In the fourth paper of this series, we present data on thorny-headed worms and sum-up the previously published information. Materials and Methods. The research materials were the articles from the open access databases: PubMed (pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), CyberLeninka (cyberleninka.ru), Google Scholar (scholar.google.com), BHL (www.biodiversitylibrary.org), JSTOR (www.jstor.org), etc. Some data were provided by the colleagues. Results. The list comprising three species of thorny-headed worms that can parasitize in bats in Rostov region was compiled. While analysing the literature sources, one more Nematoda species, not mentioned by us previously, was added to the list of nematodes. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the review revealed that 15 bat species living in the Rostov region can be parasitized by 3 or 4 Acanthocephala species of 3 genera, 2 families and 2 orders. In total, 104 helminth species of three phyla can parasitize in chiropterans in the Rostov region: Nematoda, Platyhelminthes and Acanthocephala. Whereas, the largest number of parasites falls on the class Trematoda – 42 species. The largest number of helminth species was recorded in the serotine bat (54 species) and the common noctule (50 species). The least amount (4 species) – in the soprano pipistrelle. Our data show that the helminth fauna of bats in the Rostov region, Russia and in the world as a whole is still poorly studied. At the same time, some of the parasitic worm species distinguished in our research have the veterinary and medical significance, moreover, bats participate in the epizootic chains as the facultative hosts.
Use of Feed Additives with Sorption Properties in Fish Farming: Literature Review
Introduction. Aquaculture is currently recognised as the most rapidly developing branch of agriculture. Various feed additives enable reduction of the negative impact of the production intensification measures on the hydrobionts and improve their immune status. The natural additives with sorption properties are of particular interest, they are environmentally friendly and cause no dependence. Humic acids, zeolites, aluminosilicates, charcoal, etc. are used as the sorption feed additives for fish. It is necessary not only to find a substance possessing the sorption properties that can be used as a feed additive, but also to determine its dosage, interaction with feed ingredients and other preparations, as well as its safety. The existing publications in the foreign and native scientific literature describe the research held in the certain hydrobionts species on inclusion in their diet of the certain sorption feed additives for a limited period of time. However, in the scientific literature, the review papers analysing the use of such feed additives in aquaculture are not available yet. The objective of the present review is to summarise the data available in the literature on the results of using the feed additives with sorption properties in fish farming. Materials and Methods. To achieve the set objective, a search for the articles published on this topic in the period from 2006 to 2023 in the eLIBRARY.RU, PubMed databases was carried out by the keywords: feed additives in fish farming, fish feeding, feed additives with sorption properties, charcoal, zeolites, humic acids, chitosan, silica, opoka in the feed for hydrobionts. Only sources in Russian and English languages were included in the search. The papers that passed screening were analysed, systematized and presented in the form of a table, chart and PRISMA flow chart. Results. The search yielded with 55 articles, which were included in this review. The information was systematized by the thematic units according to the substances used as feed additives and possessing the sorption properties. It was revealed that the most frequently used sorbents for both freshwater and marine fish were: active feed additive made of charcoal, zeolites, humic acids, humates. The main purposes for using the sorption feed additives were improving the physiological parameters of fish organisms and increasing the profitability of production. According to the literature sources, the natural sorbents were less often added directly to water. Discussion and Conclusion. The summarised data obtained as a result of the review allow us to consider the feed additives with sorption properties as having a good perspective for implementation into fish farming. However, in the numerous studies conducted by the native and foreign authors, the dosages of sorbents included in the diet of the most of fish farming objects are not specified, the mechanism of their impact on fish is poorly studied, as well as there is no information on the duration and frequency of using the sorption feed additives in conditions of the industrial production, the reliable data on non-toxicity, synergism or antagonism of co-usage of the various feed additives is not available either. Thus, a more extensive work in this direction is required.