Basic Principles and Practical Instructions for Proper Feeding of Donkeys

Abstract

This paper presents the nutritional requirements of donkeys, with a special focus on the needs for water, energy, proteins, minerals and vitamins. Donkeys, as working animals originating from arid regions, have specific physiological adaptations that affect their nutritional needs. The aim of this paper is to review and present scientifically based information on nutritional requirements, nutrients and recommendations for feeding donkeys based on current research in the world. The paper shows the needs for water, energy, proteins, minerals and vitamins, as well as methods of assessing food digestibility and availability. Special attention is paid to the variations in needs depending on the physiological state (growth, pregnancy, lactation), the intensity of work and the quality of available food. The importance of food digestibility and correctness of meal that meets all nutritional needs are also presented. The need for an adequate balance between rough and concentrated feed, as well as the potential danger of inadequate supplementation, are emphasized. Based on the available literature and field observations, practical instructions are given for proper feeding of donkeys in different breeding conditions, with the aim of preserving their working capacity, health and longevity.