The most common epizootic, both in terms of the frequency of its occurrence and the number of infected sites, was anthrax. Te disease in the county was noted annually. Especially high mortality was observed among sheep. The main reasons for the spread of anthrax were of the absence of dead animals burial and skinning of carcasses. For the frst time vaccinations against anthrax in the Kursk province were carried out in 1893, in Korochansk district - in 1896. With the introduction of free vaccinations against anthrax in the province, also, with the establishment by the provincial zemstvo of benefts if the animals died afer two vaccinations, the fght against epizootics began to be carried out more thoroughly. Anthrax vaccinations was the only rational measure in the fght against anthrax. Every year, animal vaccination was spread more and more. Tus, in 1896 in the county, in the frst year of the use of anti-anthrax vaccinations, 750 animals were vaccinated at four sites; in 1897 in 21sites - 3128, in 1898 in 28 sites - 3529, in 1899 in 29 sites - 5309, and in 1900 in 46 sites - 10 946 animals. Tus, over 5 years, the number of animals vaccinated during the year has increased more than 14 times. The numbers of animals vaccinated in the county, relative to their total number, are very small. In the early years, vaccinations were mainly carried out on animals owned by landowners. The benefcial efect of vaccinations in the fght against anthrax was expressed in the fact that afer the use of vaccinations, cases of anthrax were no longer observed. Instead of the previous veterinary-police method, the veterinary- prophylactic method appeared.

Embryo transfer may be one of the ways by which it is possible to restore rare and endangered animal species. Obtaining the ofspring by interspecies nuclear transfer of somatic cells of wild animals into oocytes of domestic animals and the hybrid embryos transplantation to recipients makes it possible to include new genes in inbred populations of rare species, restore and preserve endangered animals. Work in these areas has achieved serious results, which testify to the signifcant potential of this technology. Tis work is an overview of world research in this area.

The aim of the research was to develop a protocol for an indirect dot-immunoassay on a nitrocellulose membrane (NCM) for the qualitative determination of the presence of rabies virus antigen in pathological material. As the test samples, we used brain samples of various animal species (foxes and mice), which were positive during the initial study by the methods of fuorescent antibodies and bioassays. Te setting of the immunofuorescence reaction was carried out according to GOST 26075-13 with some modifcations. Immunofuorescence reaction and indirect «sandwich» ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were carried out using diagnostic kits manufactured at the FSBSI «FCTRBS- ARRVI»(Kazan). Te materials present the results of primary laboratory tests of the test system for the indication of rabies antigen based on the indirect dot-immunoassay of 81 samples of pathological material from the brain of various animal species. It was shown that indirect dot-immunoassay has 100 % specifcity and a sensitivity of at least 96.3 %, and its optical signals correlate with the results of indirect ELISA. Te proposed indirect dot-immunoassay method, in addition to independent use, can also serve as a basis for the design of test systems based on immunochemical analysis.

In the practice of treating small domestic animals, cardiac diseases account for a signifcant part of cases of internal diseases of non-infectious etiology. Te development of new directions in this area of veterinary medicine continues at the present time. Te incidence of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs - leading to a reduction in the life of those who come to the clinic is 30% or more. Te article provides a clinical assessment (in a comparative aspect) of the therapeutic efcacy of treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs with the use of cardiac glycoside, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and diuretics. An assessment of their infuence on improving the quality of life of animals is given - the disappearance or decrease in the manifestation of clinical signs of the disease in 3 months. As a result of the experiment, in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy with only digoxin, symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, they decline only afer 1 month of treatment. In the second group, where the treatment was carried out with digoxin and an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor - enalapril, the patients' quality of life improved already in the frst 15 days. Te authors found that as a result of the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy with atrial arrhythmia, the survival rate is higher than with ventricular arrhythmia.

The review described the relationship between the mineral water composition and the development in small domestic animal’s urolithiasis. The mandatory of sufcient drinking water’s use is mentioned in recommendations for the treatment of urolithiasis in pets, but the mineral composition of the water is not mentioned. At the same time, the mineral composition of water plays a prominent role both in the formation of kidney stones and in preventing the development of this pathology. Te increased content of calcium, magnesium and chlorine ions in drinking water leads to the occurrence of urolithiasis. Terefore, water should have an optimal mineral composition for the treatment and prevention of urolithiasis in domestic animals. In case of oxalates, low-mineralized water with slightly alkaline reactions and a content of predominantly magnesium salts, rather than calcium, is useful. At phosphate stones, on the contrary, water with an acidic reaction is better suited. She should not contain phosphorus, but a lot of tungsten, iron and silicon. Water from centralized water supply systems cannot be used for animal watering.

The assessment of the spread of udder diseases in Alpine goats in a large dairy farm was carried out. Also, ultrasound studies of the udder were carried out in order to determine the criteria for the presence of latent mastitis, as well as to determine the DNA of pathogenic and opportunistic microfora in milk samples, as well as the presence of antibiotic resistance genes. Te conducted studies have shown that mastitis is widespread in goats of alpine breed in the conditions of industrial milk production and is mainly registered in the spring-summer period, which is associated with an increase in the number of lambings. At the same time, mastitis is mainly observed in animals of the frst lactation with a tendency to decrease as the number of lactations increases. Te largest percentage of cases is observed in the frst week of the lactation. Also, the level of mastitis increases during the period of decline in milk production afer 201 days of lactation. In 80 % of samples from goats, the presence of DNA of mixed microfora, including bacteria resistant to a number of antimicrobial agents, is noted. The presence of hyperechoic inclusions in the lumen of the milk cistern in goats is not a criterion for the presence of latent mastitis and is observed in goats with a high percentage of fat and protein.

The article provides information on the stability of the niosomal form of cefotaxime. Aliquots of the preparations were stored separately at (4 ± 2) ºС and (22 ± 2) ºС for 180 days. In the stored samples, studies were carried out to determine changes in the main indicators of the quality of niosomal dispersion every ffeen days. The method of dynamic light scattering was used to determine the average size of niosomal particles; to measure the concentration of cefotaxime, the method of highperformance liquid chromatography was used. Data processing and statistical analysis were performed using the R language (version 4.0.2) and the «tidyverse» package. Analysis of group diferences was performed using one-way analysis of variance ANOVA. Diferences were considered signifcant at p <0.05. The niosomal form of cefotaxime, while maintaining the main quality indicators, is stable for up to 90 days at (4 ± 2) ºС. When storing the niosomal form of cefotaxime for 180 days at a temperature of (4 ± 2) ºС, the drug retains the original particle size with a slight decrease in the amount of encapsulated antibiotic (up to 18 %). The low stability of niosomes containing cefotaxime in solution during long-term storage (more than 90 days) is explained, frst of all, by the relatively low molecular weight and hydrolytic stability, as well as by the hydrophilic properties of the active substance. In this regard, it is necessary to further study lyophilized niosomal forms of the antibiotic as more stable and convenient to use.

The aim of the research was to analyze the dynamics of morphometric parameters of the epithelial component (parenchyma) of the mammary gland of sheep and pigs in postnatal ontogenesis. The object of the study was the mammary gland of sheep of the Stavropol breed and pigs of a Large White breed at the age of 1 day (newborns), 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. As a result of the studies, it was found that the area of ducts in the mammary gland in sheep of the Stavropol breed in postnatal ontogenesis varies from 250.80 ± 45.48 µm 2 to 2503.00 ± 533.70 µm 2 , and in the mammary gland in pigs of Large White breed-from 602.10 ± 106.00 µm 2 to 9134.00 ± 1099.00 µm 2 . Identical dynamics of changes in the area of epithelial cells and their nuclei in postnatal ontogenesis were revealed in sheep and pigs. The minimum average values of the epithelial cell area in sheep were detected at twelve months (26.45 ± 1.14 µm 2 ), and the maximum values at nine months (39.28 ± 1.48 µm 2 ). In pigs, this parameter was the lowest at six months (30.69 ± 0.39 µm 2 ), and the highest in diurnal and nine-month-old individuals (42.39 ± 2.51 µm 2 and 42.07 ± 0.97 µm 2, respectively). The average values of the core area of mammary epithelial cells in sheep were minimal at twelve months (11.51 ± 0.55 µm 2 ), and maximum at nine months (18.41 ± 0.82 µm 2 ). In pigs, this parameter was the lowest at twelve months (13.30 ± 0.64 µm 2 ), and the highest in nine-month-old individuals (18.42 ± 0.46 µm 2 ). The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of sheep mammary glad epithelial cells was maximal in three months of life, and minimal in diurnal and six-month-old animals. In pigs, this indicator was the maximum in nine months of life, and the minimum in twelve months. This information can be used as a constant data for specialists of sheep and pig farms in the North Caucasus when raising sheep of the Stavropol breed and pigs of a Large White breed.