Echinococcosis in the regions of the North Caucasus occurs in more than 30 mouse-like rodents with the formation of synanthropic foci of invasion. e aim of this work is to study echinococcosis of rodents as an epizootic and epidemiological risk in the biosphere (specially protected) territories of the North Caucasus region. e authors studied the dynamics of the formation of synanthropic foci of echinococcosis, representing an epidemiological threat, in the specially protected territories of Karachay-Cherkessia and the Elbrus - Kabardino-Balkaria. It was found that in the mountain-resort areas of Arkhyz, Teberda and Dombai, indicators of the invasion extensiveness of cystic echinococcosis in nine species of mouse rodents are su cient for the formation of persistent trouble in synanthropic di use foci of zoonotic disease. e incidence indices of cystic echinococcosis in rodents of nine species in specially protected resort areas of Kabardino-Balkaria (Cheget, Azau, Dzhantugan) in 2018-2020 were comparatively more than in Arkhyz, Teberda and Dombai, which in generally is according to the complete disregard for planned deratization measures in relation to zoonosis. e formation of synanthropic foci of zoonose in the specially protected resort territories of Arkhyz, Teberda, Dombay (Karachay-Cherkess Republic) and Cheget, Azau, Jantugan (Kabardino-Balkarian Republic) can lead to an increase in echinococcosis of carnivores and to contamination of the soils of the resort and recreational complex with eggs of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus.

Presence of an insuficiently high level of veterinary and sanitary indicators of animal husbandry on fragmented farms has led to an increase in infectious and invasive diseases. The aim of the study was to study the clinical state of the animal's body and changes in hematological parameters before use and after treatment of sarcoptoidosis in cattle. The experiment was carried out on bulls and heifers aged from 6 to 10 months with an average body condition and live weight from 100 to 120 kg. The experimental animals were divided into three groups: two experimental and one control, 15 animals each. Before the experiment and 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment with acaricidal preparations, scrapings of the affected skin and blood were taken from animals of all groups for research. The animals of the first experimental group were injected subcutaneously with ivermectin in the forearm at a dose of 5 ml per head, and in the second experimental group, cidectin was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 5 ml per animal in the forearm. The animals of the control group were not treated. According to the results of the conducted hematological studies, a decrease in the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in sarcoptoidosis was found. All this indicates a decrease in the supply of oxygen to the body, and therefore to organs and tissues. A noticeable decrease in the number of monocytes and lymphocytes was observed in the leukocyte formula

Anatomical features of the pelvic structure in dogs, the different nature of injuries and the variety of damages put the traumatologist in front of a choice between conservative and operative methods of treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the factors influencing the choice of treatment for dogs with pelvic injuries. Clinical archival material was studied in the form of case histories and radiographs of 320 dogs with pelvic trauma. Surgical treatment was performed in 107 dogs, and conservative treatment in 213 dogs, which amounted to 33 % and 67 %, respectively. The article analyzes the reasons for choosing a treatment method and discusses the results of clinical and experimental studies. The study revealed that each animal needs an individual approach in choosing a treatment between surgical and conservative methods. The factors of choice were determined: the type of injury, damage, displacement of fragments, age, temperament and conditions of keeping the dog.

This study presents our experience in the prevention and treatment of acute postoperative pain in case of fracture of the forearm bones in dogs during the perioperative period by providing effective multimodal analgesia based on regional anesthesia using brachial plexus blockade by double control using neurostimulation and sonography. 28 animals were divided into 4 equal groups, examined before surgery, the first day after the completion of surgery, 14, 45 and 180 days after surgery for pain and hypersensitivity. Intravenous analgesics IPA (infusion at a constant rate of ketamine) were used to provide anesthesia for animals of groups A (1) and B (1). In group A (2) and B (2), the subjects underwent blockade of the brachial plexus under the double control of neurostimulation and sonography as analgesia for surgery. The difference between groups A and B was that groups B received constant rate infusion of lidocaine 50 μg/kg/min postoperatively for 12 hours. Also, all dogs (n = 28) received NSAIDs within 3 days after surgery. Our study showed that a multimodal approach to pain relief is an effective strategy for achieving these goals, and the use of regional anesthesia methods often serves as the basis for this approach, as evidenced by the conclusions about the complete absence reaction on pain and hypersensitivity after 180 days after surgery in group A (1) in 57.1 % animals; for A (2) and B (1), these numbers turned out to be the same and equaled 71.4 %; in group B (2) there were 85.7 %.

The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of a new antiseptic preparation for veterinary purposes «Smake-HUVS» to prevent diseases of the hoofs of cattle. The authors present studies of the use of the antiseptic preparation «Smake-HUVS» in the form of an aqueous solution in 2 and 5 % concentrations. On the basis of the results of the study in the conditions of the farm, it was determined that the clinical signs in the diseased animals treated with the studied drug «Smake-HUVS» were significantly less pronounced in comparison with the control group. Also, as shown by the research results, the antiseptic preparation «Smake-HUVS» was the most effective in comparison with the 10 % formalin solution in the experimental group treated according to the traditional farming method. The data obtained allow us to conclude that the optimal concentration of the drug «Smake-HUVS» for preventive measures is a 2 % aqueous solution of the drug, used twice in the morning and in the evening for 30 days, or a 5 % aqueous solution of the drug «Smake-HUVS», used twice in the morning and in the evening for 7 days in the form of hoof baths.

The aim of this study was to study the features of venous outflow from the liver in the studied breed of rabbits in postnatal ontogenesis. The work was carried out in a research laboratory based on the Department of Biology and Soil Science of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Orenburg State University». The material for the study were liver preparations of rabbits of breed butterfly. Animals were divided into five age groups. The study involved 25 healthy male rabbits: newborns (n = 5), of juvenile period (n = 5), sexual and physiological maturity (n = 5), reproductive (n = 5) and post-reproductive periods (n = 5). It was established that the four main outflow veins serve as the main vessels for the out ow of venous blood into the caudal vena cava. In this breed of rabbits, changes in the length and diameter of veins in the age aspect, their uneven development and age-related involution were also revealed. The minimum morphometric indicators of length are observed in newborn animals, amounting in the left hepatic (25.3 ± 3.1), middle (26.9 ± 2.8), right (14.55 ± 0.7) and caudate (17.2 ± 0.4mm) veins. The maximum values of the lengths of the venous vessels are observed in the reproductive period in one year and three months, reaching 108.5 ± 3.4 mm in the left hepatic vein, 82.2 ± 2.2 - in the middle, 46.7 ± 1.5 - in the right, and 66.4 ± 1.7 - in the caudate, then the growth stops and the reverse development of the indicator is noted. The diameter will change in a similar way, reaching a maximum numerical value at two years and six months of post-natal development. The research results can be used as an anatomical norm by specialists of rabbit farms when breeding of rabbits of breed butterfly.

The article discusses methods for the detection and identification of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms in food and feed using express methods and classical microbiology. The calculation of labor and time costs was spend in using the Vidas (mini Vidas) immunofluorescence analyzer, the microbiological analyzer Tempo and the PCR. A brief description of pathogens that can be detected by the above express methods is given. Methods for identifying pathogens using API-systems, a Vitek bacteriological analyzer and MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-activated laser desorption/ionization) are also considered. The prospects for the application and implementation of chromatographic methods for the study of pathogens in food and animal feed are considered on the example of the analysis of microbial markers in human biomaterial. This technique was developed by Professor G. A. Osipov in 1991 and is used in medical research. Additionally, a laboratory program is described that controls all stages of testing from registration of samples to the issuance of research results. The main advantage of software laboratory control (LIMS) is the reduction of time and labor costs for routine work, as well as the reduction of paper workflow with the possibility of its complete replacement.

Indications for enucleation of the eye in animals, as a rule, include chronic endophthalmitis or panophthalmitis, glaucoma leading to hydrophthalmos and buphthalmos, glaucoma-related retinal and optic nerve damage, intraocular neoplasms, and trauma leading to irreversible damage to the eyeball. In this case, the cause of enucleation in a female bison was the extreme degree of buphthalmos with destruction of the eyeball, as a complication of the postponed moraxellosis. The planning of the operation relied on a technique developed for cattle. The surgical procedure consisted of transconjunctival enucleation of the eyeball and lacrimal glands. At the same time, the anatomical feature of the periorbital region in bison were taken into account, in particular, the orbital edges of the frontal, lacrimal and zygomatic bones increased in comparison with cattle, which made it dificult to extract the eye. The sugery was carried out in the in the field conditions. Immobility and general anesthesia wereperformed with a combination of Ketamine and Medetomidine using a DAN-INJECT injection rifle. atipamezole was used to interrupt anesthesia. Local anesthesia was performed with 2 % lidocaine using retrobulbar block. As a systemic antibiotic therapy, Draxin injected were used twice with an interval of 10 days. Complications of anesthesia were regurgitation and tympania. Intraoperative complication was bleeding, which was stopped by ligating large vessels and tamponing small vessels with 0.1 % adrenaline solution. Also, during the extraction of the eye, one had to fear excessive tension on the optic nerve, which immediately caused bradycardia. There were no post-sugery complications. No additional immobilization was required for wound care.

Sura belongs to the rivers of the highest category of fishery water use. The river lies entirely within the Volga Upland, in the west it adjoins the Oka's basin. The biodiversity of native fish species is decreasing, as a result of anthropogenic impact. It is very important to determine the modern ichthyofauna of the river, to trace the dynamic processes there. The work uses a complex epizootological approach, methods of epizootological diagnostics: factography, expert assessments and verification. It was found that the Sura's hydrochemical regime is characterized by an increased value of water hardness and salinity and is mainly caused by natural factors. It was confirmed that the indicators of the quantitative development of planktonic algae into the Sura at most sampling stations correspond to the mesotrophic level. In terms of the content of zooplankton, Sura is characterized as a reservoir of low food for fish and high food for benthofauna. An expert assessment of the study results of the ichthyofauna of the Sura in its different areas using various fishing gear was carried out. The total number of fish species living in the Sura has 46 species. In the ichthyofauna of the river in the Nizhny Novgorod water area, according to the data of the Nizhny Novgorod branch of the (FSBSU) "All-Russian Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography", 21 fish species were recorded. It has been established that mainly non-commercial fish species (roach, bleak, ruff, gudgeon, rudd) dominate in the catches. The production indicators of the ichthyofauna in all parts of the river are quite high. The epizootic well-being of the ichthyofauna and the biological safety of the region are supported.

Iodine-containing antiseptic preparations have been used in clinical practice for more than 150 years in a variety of scenarios: from treatment and prevention of wound infections to preoperative manipulation. Over this long period of time, many preparations of various compositions have been developed, but they are united by the same active substance - iodine. The review presents the historical stages of elaboration of iodine-containing substances. The first preparations based on iodine were simple in chemical composition and had high toxicity, so their use was severely limited. In the middle of the 20th century, several scientists independently managed to associate iodine with an organic macromolecule - a carrier, which made it possible to increase the safety of using iodine-containing preparations. Since then, the «renaissance» in the field of antiseptics began - scientists around the world began to more actively study the properties of iodine and preparations based on it, as well as develop new drugs. Currently available for use in clinical practice: iodophores - a complex of iodine and high molecular weight organic compounds and iodine-containing antiseptics based on enzyme systems, as well as their modifications.