Contraction and spreading of infection diseases in animals follows some particular patterns and laws well in line with the fundamental principles of ecology. To look into the essence of epizootic process from positions of ecology we divided all diseases in two ecological categories: the first one comprised infectious agents normally living in the animal organism; the second one included those which enter organism from the outside. This division allowed stipulating the laws of epizootic process and embedding them into the theory of the process. Vaccines are used to protect animals against typical diseases. Yet vaccine does not affect the sources and mechanisms of infectious agent transmission. To combat the source of such diseases as anthrax, hemorrhagic septicemia, listeriosis in sheep, and some other typical infections it is advisable to carry out regular deratization, insecticidal treatment of animals, and protect animals against bloodsucking parasites. Taking into account the fact that infectious agents of factor-dependent diseases characterized with direct handover spreading pattern normally live in the obligatory host’s organs and tissues, then the infection devastation is possible and advisable.

The goal of the research is to examine epizootic situation of mycoplasmosis in bovine cattle and pigs of the West-Siberian farms. It required complex examination of cows during puerperal and postpartum period, their new-born infected calves, as well as stud bulls, sows, and piglets; assessment of sensitivity and diagnostic value of culture method for mycoplasmas indication and identification, as well as applicability of indirect immunofluorescence test (IIMT), direct immunofluorescence test (DIMT), and indirect hemagglutination test (IHAT) in case of mycoplasmosis and its associated forms. It also required determining localization, structural composition, shedding, and mechanisms of spreading of the infection. The following biological material was used for life-time diagnostics in calves: bronchoalveolar mucus extracted using alveolar lavage method; blood serum; mucus and feces from rectum. Blood serum, udder secretion, and urogenital tract secretion were tested in cows and sows. Life-time and postmortem detection of antigens and antibodies relied on domestically developed methods of serological diagnostics (direct and indirect immunofluorescence - DIMT and IIMT). Nutrient media developed in cooperation with the Omsk Scientific and Research Institute of Natural Focal Infections at Rospotrebnadzor were used in bacteriological tests for mycoplasmosis. The scheme we have proposed for mycoplasmas indication and identification in biological material is based upon comprehensive approach to examination of associated form of mycoplasmal infection, and convenient for both laboratory and industrial use. Serum-based express-method (IIMT) requires as little as 60 minutes to indicate mycoplasmal antigen. The same 60 minutes after reaction onset takes indication of anti-mycoplasmal antibodies in blood serum using IHAT technique. Bacteriological examination includes both mycoplasma indication and identification on the basis of metabolism of arginine, glucose, and urea on specific nutrient media, as well as isolating associated microflora for deeper examination of mixed forms of infection, and takes one to three days. This technique provides for accurate and timely diagnosis of associated mycoplasmosis which is required by veterinary practitioners to take effective measures for the infection prevention and treatment. Proposed method of identification may be used for identification of species of isolated culture to be further used as antigens for serological reactions, vaccine preparation, or immunization of laboratory animals and obtaining therapeutic and diagnostic hyperimmune serums

Parvoviral enteritis is one of the most dangerous infections in dogs with so far insufficiently studied microbiocenosis, characteristics of epizootic process, pathogenesis, and ways of treatment in dogs infected with parvoviral enteritis complicated with associations of potentially pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of this research was to work out and assess efficacy of treatment in dogs with severe parvoviral enteritis complicated with associated potentially pathogenic bacteria. Treatment efficacy was assessed in two stages in 7 dogs with parvoviral enteritis complicated with associated potentially pathogenic bacteria. The first stage was in studying general clinical, biochemical, and immunological properties in infected animals at the point of treatment assignment; the second stage involved the same tests taken 14 days later. Comparative analysis of the test results was carried out. Positive dynamics was detected in dogs in the course of the treatment manifested with improved general clinical condition, lower body temperature, cessation of vomiting, diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, intoxication and dehydration syndromes, improved level of blood hemoglobin concentration, total blood protein, albumins, urea, creatinine, total bilirubin, circulating immune complexes, activity of alanine and asparagine aminotransferases, blood serum .-amylase, erythrocytes, leucocytes, T- and B- lymphocytes, O-cells, and T-helpers

The goal of this study was to sanitize a farm with unfavorable gastrointestinal infection background and develop a recommended action plan to combat associated infections in the young stock of bovine cattle. At the continually troubled farm, massive infection among new-born calves in their first days of life characterized with diarrhea syndrome and high mortality emerged; clinical and postmortem examination, laboratory testing taken confirmed diagnosis of mixed gastrointestinal infection. The disease was caused by association of potentially pathogenic microorganisms, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. An action plan was developed for the farm, which included a range of organizational, farm engineering veterinary and sanitary, hygienic, specific preventive and therapy measures. Implementation of the action plan using specific preventive measures, aerosol spraying around the facilities with animals in, effective pharmaceutical treatment regimen (Cobactan 2.5%, Catosal 10%, caffeine sodium benzoate 10%, antiadhesive antitoxic serum against escherichiosis in the farm animals, Ringer - Locke solution, Bifitrilac), and preventive measures (Bifitrilac, Catosal 10%) resulted in lower infection incidence rate and mortality among young bovine cattle and improved overall sanitary situation in the farm with unfavorable mixed gastrointestinal infection background

The paper deals with results of serological monitoring of Echinococcus granulosus, larvae (Egl) and Taenia hydatigena, larvae (Thl) in sheep from farms across different areas of the Kabardino- Balkaria using ELISA and comparability of data obtained in immune assaying with animals infestation rate. The study enrolled 225 samples of sheep serum. Excretory-secretory products of Egl and Thl protoscolexes were used as ELISA antigens; affinity purified peroxidase-labeled rabbit antibodies against sheep immunoglobulin (made by IMTECH) were used as conjugate. Immunoassay proved sensitivity at 75.6 - 77.8% if based on Egl protoscolexes, and at 71.1 - 75.6% if based on Thl protoscolexes. ELISA specificity assessed with serum samples from clinically healthy sheep was 73.3% to Egl protoscolexes, and 71.1% to Thl protoscolexes. The study showed that the number of positive sheep samples in ELISA differed from postmortem examination results of cestode infestation. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of sheep serum samples coincided by 88.2 - 91.4% with Egl infestation, and by 81.3 - 93.5% with Thl infestation - in average 90.0% and 86.5% respectively. The conclusion is that ELISA based on antigens of the parasites’ protoscolexes may be used for serological and epizootological monitoring of the cystic echinococcosis and cystercosis (Thl).

The goal of the research was to measure protein / creatinine in urine in dogs infested with D. immitis without associated change of urea and creatinine content in blood. Analysis of the ratio was called for in order to find an early indicator of nephron damage because some researches show immunemediated glomerulonephritis evolved in some dogs with dirofilariosis. A comparative analysis of the ratio was carried out in autumn and winter and in spring and summer periods for three groups of German shepherd dogs: Group 1 - control, Group 2 - with asymptomatic disease, and Group 3 - with moderately severe dirofilariosis. The research showed that urinal protein / creatinine ratio correlated with dirofilariosis severity, and may as such appear an objective index of the disease.

The goal of the research was to identify clinical and laboratory diagnostic markers of D. immitis infestation in dogs in both winter and summer. Complex clinical and laboratory tests were carried out in 3 groups of dogs: Group 1 - control, Group 2 - dogs with asymptomatic dirofilariosis, Group 3 - dogs with moderately severe dirofilariosis. Elevated protein metabolism was detected at both amino-acid and protein level. Reliable increase in catalase activity was found which reduced intoxication implying mutual adaptation of the host organism and parasite, and reliable decline of average-weight molecules content in blood was detected. It was found out that leucocytic intoxication index calculation was required to determine basic trends in leucocyte number in case of dirofilariosis. The identified shifts may be used as additional criteria in clinical and laboratory diagnostics, assessment of the disease severity and prognosis.

The goal of this study was to develop and test universal construction of external fixation for cats with affected pelvis, hip joint, or lumbosacral junction. X-ray and radiography data was collected and clinically examined to assess the application of the device in cats. Examination of 60 X-ray pictures showed that size of hip bone in cats allows using the device of one standard size to fix bones and junctions in pelvis of all cats. The device can be adjusted to exact type of fracture. X-ray examination of all 18 clinical cases revealed endosteal ossification in healing pelvis fractures in cats, thus suggesting rigid and stable fixation of the bone fragments. Recommended time of fixation in case of pelvis fracture is 40±10 days depending on the age of animal, specifics and age of fracture. Early functional revival of the hind limb is shown through apparent movement and bearing functions on the next day after the surgery. The external fixation is a static device ensuring absolute stability of bones and bone fragments, which maintains functions of the limbs without hampering animal’s quality of life after surgery.

Tracheal collapse in dogs is an acute surgical pathology comprised of primary tracheal deformation and secondary compensatory changes caused by hypoxia. Treatment of tracheal collapse is obstructed with cardiorespiratory complications, and publications give cure rate below 60%. The paper provides comparative analysis of efficacy of conservative and surgical ways of tracheal collapse treatment in dogs based on data from 32 clinical cases. The study involved clinical examination, percussion, auscultation, blood count, and X-ray examination. Transluminal tracheoscopy for endoscopic examination used rigid endoscopes 2.7 mm and 4 mm diameter with 30° view angle. The study demonstrated that endoscopic stenting of trachea was more clinically effective than conservative therapy: survival rate among dogs treated with tracheal stenting was 78.5% against 33.4% survived in conservative therapy group. The study also proposes post-surgery treatment regimen.

The goal of the study was to examine influence of bentonites from the Kantemirovskoe Field in the Voronezh Oblast, classified as silicitic group of aluminosilicates with high amorphous silica content, on formation of bone tissue in broiler chicken. The controlled experiment involved 2 groups of the ROSS-308 cross chickens two weeks old, 12 chickens each. The first group was control and fed till 40 days old with the basic ration; ration of the chickens in the second group was supplemented with 2% (dry w/w) bentonite for 27 days of the test. It was found that bentonite supplement improved general condition of the birds, which was revealed with increased daily body weight gain higher by 14% compared to control group. At the same time, bentonite promoted biological synthesis in birds, which resulted in increased content of total protein by 15.9% and triglycerides by 3.4%, with lower cytolytic activity in the hepatocytes due to stabilized level of transferase content. Introduction of aluminosilicates into the feeding ration of broiler chickens proved pronounced effect on the mineral metabolism, calcium and silicon in particular, thus demonstrating the associated character of metabolism of these two elements; the effect improved development of bone tissue in the limbs in test group chickens compared to the control group of analogs. The fact is amorphous silicon actively participates in the bone tissue mineralization process and forms Si-substituted calcium phosphates which have better osteoplastic properties as compared to common calcium phosphates. Therefore, the minerals of bentonite from the Kantemirovskoe Field donate both macro- and microelements, promote metabolism, and improve mineralization of the bone organic matrix thus making bone tissue in birds stronger, less permeable, and denser.

The main goal of the research was to study preventive activity of Seroizatison complex preparation against certain viruses appearing in etiology of mixed respiratory diseases observed among calves at farms of the Republic of Dagestan. Efficacy tests of the preparation and dosage schemes development were carried out at cattle farms with unfavorable respiratory disease background. The study was focused on Seroizatison complex preparation consisting of immune serum and Izatison mixed in 85 ml to 15 ml ratio respectively. Convalescent blood serum from cattle or polyvalent hyperimmune serum against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IRT), parainfluenza-3 (PG-3), bovine viral diarrhea virus (VD-BS), and bovine adenovirus infection (ADVI) obtained from hyperimmuned stud bulls of 1.6 - 2 years old was used as immune serum in the tests. Testing Izatison for effective concentration showed that 15% concentration of Izatison in the complex preparation had the maximum preventive efficacy. Preventive efficacy of Seroizatison with 15% concentration of Izatison was by 14.8% higher in the test group of calves than in the control group. Tests carried out on calves deliberately infected with virulent viral strains showed that introduction of Seroizatison 24 hours before infecting the calves with IRT, PG-3, and bovine ADV prevented development of clinical signs of respiratory diseases in all animals. The best preventive efficacy was observed in the group of calves treated with Seroizatison preparation, 97.5%; treatment with Izatison preparation in combination with Aethonium, convalescent serum, and hyperimmune serum returned 82.5%, 82.5%, and 85.0% preventive efficacy respectively. Introduction of hyperimmune serum into the Seroizatison composition enhances preventive efficacy of the complex preparation against respiratory diseases in calves by 15% compared to Izatison.

Rectal and ultrasonic examination of reproductive tract in 134 Thoroughbred and Budyonny mares in breeding season was carried out. Based on the examination results it is safe to assume ultrasonic examination provides for more accurate estimation of ovulation time than rectal palpation method. Nevertheless, ultrasonic examination may not be considered a self-sufficient method and is practically auxiliary to the rectal examination one. In addition, we determined occurrence of estrus-associated behavioral phenomena in mares.

Prescribed anthelminthic preparations may trigger infection process in animals. In this respect, it is necessary to study variability of biological properties of microorganisms when treated with anthelminthic preparations, Ivertin, in particular, at chroboliological approach. Research into chronobiological rhythms is interesting in the way of determining ecological and biological properties of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms. The study involved several control measurements in 24 hours with 3 - 5 replicas of experimental conditions. Growth pattern in the studied cultures treated with anthelmintic preparation was studied on the plain broth with addition of 1% of Ivertin. The control was the cultures grown without test solution adding. Introduction of anthelmintic Ivertin into nutrient media of growing microorganisms returned in considerable changes in their biological properties. We have determined the following chronobiological pattern: the highest Ivertindriven rate of difference in ultradian rhythm compared to the control culture, was found, in streptococci (63%), with slightly lower rate in listeria (54%). In the daily rhythm, i.e. circadian, both L.monocytogenes and Str.pneumoniae demonstrated 54% difference rate compared to the control Str.pneumoniae. In the infradian rhythm, which is more than 24 hours, the highest variability was detected in St. aureus culture (72%). Therefore, experiment of growing microbial cultures in presence of Ivertin anthelmintic demonstrated the preparation’s active effect on enzymatic activity of the studied strains compared to control which revealed through lower activity of saccharolytic and proteolytic enzymes.

We have analyzed postmortem examination reports on 134 bison found dead at the farm of the Oksky Nature Reserve from 1960 to 2013. Bison mortality rate in four age-sex groups was studied. Prevailing causes of mortality were expressed as per cent of total rate. It was determined that mortality rate among bison at the farm of the Oksky Nature Reserve varied 2.0 to 10.2% of total population, averaging to 5.9% annually. At the same time, mortality among calves below one year old was 53.9%; among animals of 1 year to 4 years old - 15.6%; among bison of reproductive age of 4 to 15 years - 15.6%; and among old bison over 15 years old - 14.9%. Injuries were the prevailing cause of death among bison making up to 48.5% of mortality, followed by helminthosis with 8.2%; the goes gastrointestinal diseases contribute another 6%, and death of new-born calves due to umbilical cord rupture or agalactia in cows - 6% and 6.7% respectively. Resulting opinion was that a complex system of preventive veterinary and procedural actions to promote farming healthy animals without impeding their natural resistance to diseases. It is possible to decrease incidence ratio of fatal injuries by forming maintaining optimal number of animals in breeding groups, avoiding overcrowding and overpopulation of bison in the enclosures, building up groups farms to the places of reintroduction into the wild.of animals with due consideration of hierarchy. It is also necessary to ensure timely dispatch of bison from the farms to the places of reintroduction into the wild.