Nodular cattle dermatitis is an economically significant transmissible infectious disease. The virus can cause a temporary decrease in milk production, temporary or permanent infertility in bulls, skin damage and death from secondary bacterial infections. Purebred animals are more susceptible to this infection, the most severe disease occurs in young animals, thin or lactating cows. Until 2015, bovine nodular dermatitis was never reported in Armenia. The first clinical cases of nodular dermatitis were noticed in the southern part of Armenia (near the border with Iran) at the end of 2015 among cattle that was kept on pasture. Samples taken from sick animals were positive for the nodular dermatitis virus by tested by real-time PCR. Examination in the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal Animal Health Center” (Vladimir, Russian Federation) confirmed the presence of the nodular virus dermatitis. For the first time, we estimated the pathogenicity of the eld isolate of the nodular dermatitis virus “Geganush-2016” isolated from cattle in the Syunik region of the Republic of Armenia in 2016. In an experiment with 6-month-old calves (n = 2), intradermal infection with a suspension of the field isolate of the nodular dermatitis virus “Geganush-2016” caused the formation of nodules on the skin at the sites of virus introduction. Nodules were benign, 2 weeks after their appearance, scabs formed, which then separated from the skin, leaving small scars. After euthanasia, blood samples, exudates, areas of skin and samples of internal organs (spleen, kidneys, liver, mucous membranes, affected areas of the pharyngeal, submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes, tonsils, lungs, heart) were taken to study. The genome of the virus was found in the mucous membranes, the affected areas of the pharyngeal, submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes, tonsils, skin, tubercles, muscles and exudates

Currently, in the field of veterinary medicine there are quite a lot of unresolved problems associated with the lack of effective methods of dealing with a number of diseases. This list should include diseases associated with the defeat of lymphoid tissues by pathogens of viral and bacterial etiology. It is known that in animal diseases such as leukemia, African and classical swine fever, various types of hepatitis, Marek’s disease, and others, viruses that infect lymphoid tissue are causative agents. Virus-infected cells of the immune system gradually die, a state of immunodeficiency develops, and the body becomes susceptible to conditional-pathogenic infections. At the same time, the discovery at the end of the last century of a new type of microorganism - nanobacteria did not change the situation for a number of socially significant diseases. One of the most probable reasons is that scientists still cannot determine the nature of nanobacteria - is it mineral complexes or living tiny formations? Most foreign publications claim that nanobacteria are mineral complexes. In our studies by electron microscopy, nanometer-sized structures with clearly expressed morphological signs of prokaryotic proliferation were revealed in human and animal blood, which leaves no doubt about their living nature. One of the most pronounced phenomena of the behavior of these structures is that they are involved in damage to blood cells - lymphocytes. It is absolutely certain that these structures, acting in conjunction with pathogens of viral etiology, increase the severity of animal diseases against which modern veterinary medicine and medicine are so far powerless. This paper presents information on electron microscopy of nanobacteria from the blood of animals and their effect on cells of the immune system - lymphocytes

The lack of universal methods for differentiating non-specific reactions to tuberculin significantly complicates and inhibits the diagnosis of animal tuberculosis. It is important to note that practical efforts in differential diagnosis are mainly aimed at identifying sensitization caused by atypical mycobacteria, not taking into account the sensitizing role of other microorganisms having a genus-specific community with mycobacteria. Obviously, the results of a study of the role of these microorganisms are important for establishing animal welfare for tuberculosis. The ability of mycobacterium-like microorganisms, corynebacteria, nocardia and rhodococci to sensitize a macroorganism was studied. Infected guinea pigs reacted with a higher intensity to a homologous allergen than a heterologous one. A low sensitizing role of epizootic strains was revealed. Results of the reaction rosette formation showed the presence the common with mycobacteria antigen in corynebacteria. In animals infected with mycobacteria, there was an increase in the number of T- and B-lymphocytes throughout the experiment. In animals infected with corynebacteria there was a decrease in B-cells at the third stage of the study and T-lymphocytes at the second one. The results of the production experiment were confirmed laboratory indicators. In a tuberculosis-free farm, 14 tuberculin-responsive animals (cattle) with unspecified results of a simultaneous test were divided into 2 groups, 7 animals were examined in a simultaneous test with tuberculin and corynebacteriosis sensitin, 7 - with nocardial. The specificity of the monoallergens studied was revealed: the response to corynebacteriosis sensitin is more intense than to tuberculin (6.3 ± 0.09 and 5.8 ± 0.17, respectively), in the second group, the intensity was 4.3 ± 0.15 per nocardial allergen and 6.2 ± 0.27 per tuberculin. The data obtained expand the understanding of the causes of the sensitization of a macroorganism to tuberculin.

The purpose of the study was to assess the feasibility of creating an experimental mycotic infection in laboratory white mice under conditions of immobilization in order to determine in further studies how to experimentally reproduce the model of polyetiological stress. For this, a model of im-mobilization in laboratory animals (LV) was reproduced, a model of experimental mycotic infection in the LV caused by opportunistic micromycetes was created, and the fungal nature of the infection in LV was confirmed. In experimental studies, the authors used macro- and microscopic methods of research which have established that the sequential impact of two experimental effects, one of which is due to the introduction of conditionally pathogenic micromycetes, and the second - limitation of motion, leads to the death of experimental animals, which occurred in the first, the second day from the onset of exposure to immobilization and was 100 % in group 1; 75 % in group 2; 40 % in group 3. In control and experimental groups 4-6, the animals remained alive until the end of the experimental study. In addition, the authors revealed a pattern of the development of dissemination and the appearance of micromycete in the peripheral blood of animals of the experimental groups earlier than in animals of the control groups, which is probably due to the introduction of P. cyclopium and A. solani, immobilization, which can lead to a decrease natural resistance of animals and, therefore, the earlier development of a general-ized process. The same trend was noted in the rate of development of mycelium. The results of experi-mental studies allow us to evaluate the possibility of reproducing an experimental mycotic infection in laboratory animals under conditions of immobilization. It was found that the combined effect of two factors, one of which is due to the introduction of opportunistic micromycete, leads to an increase in the pathogenicity of micromycete under immobilization conditions.

The work was performed in two farms Neklinovsky district of the Rostov region. To determine of indole formation the culture was sown in a test tube with Hottinger broth. All samples except # 1371, # 1, # 2, # 131, # 139 showed the presence of a red layer on the surface of the culture fluid, indicating a positive reaction. The next day, the ring appeared, which confirms the presence of indole. To determine the ability to utilize citrate, cultures were sown on the surface of the Simmons medium. Samples # 1371, # 1, # 2, # 131, # 139 showed a change in the green color of the medium to blue, indicating a positive reaction. All the test samples, except # 1371, fermented glucose, sucrose, lactose and mannit, which is typical for Escherichia coli. To determine the formation of hydrogen sulfide culture was sown on three-sugar agar. In sample # 1371, blackening was observed on the medium column, indicating the formation of hydrogen sulfide. In 11 cultures, except for samples # 1, # 2, # 131, # 139, # 1371, hydrogen sulfide was not produced. In the samples # 1, # 2, # 131, # 139 hydrogen sulfide was produced, there were the column and the beveled part of the medium is yellow, the blackening of the medium in the column. Thus, of the 16 samples studied, it was established that the sample # 1371 can be attributed to the bacteria of the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In four samples #1, #2, #131, #139 cultures are belong to the bacteria group E. coli + Citrobacter freundii. And in 11 samples cultures are belong to the bacteria group Escherichia coli. In the process of doing the work, examined the feces from calves between 1–8 days of age. The cultures of escherichia were isolated and identified. Sensitivity of escherichia cultures to antibacterial drugs (Meropenem, Imepenem, Pefloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Carbenicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxone, Vancomycin, Furadonin, Phosphomycin, Gentamicin, Netilmicin, Colistin, Levofloxacin, Tetracycline, Levomycetin, Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Norfloxacin, Furagin, Vancomycin, Spectinomycin, Doxycycline, Norfloxacin) were investigated using standard drives. The study showed that in the first farm from 8 samples, escherichia cultures were most sensitive to antibiotics: Fosfomycin, Enrofloxacin, Imepenem, Meropenen, Levofloxacin, Vancomycin, Gentamitacin. In the second farm from 9 samples, escherichia cultures were sensitive to Enrofloxacin, Imepenem, Meropenen, Levofloxacin, Vancomycin, Gentamitacin, Cefotaxime, Norfloxacin.

Mosquitoes are very harmful ectoparasites of birds and mammals. These are importunate arthropods, whose bites are painful and cause anemia during a mass attack. The pathogenic microflora are populated in the places of bites, which poses additional threats to the health of animals and humans. Mosquitoes are also dangerous as carriers and reservoirs of various vector-borne diseases. Among the most dangerous diseases, Japanese meningitis, encephalitis, West Nile fever should be noted; among invasive diseases, dirofilariasis is widespread. For the timely adoption of preventive measures and the fight against mosquitoes, knowledge of the biological characteristics of representatives of each genus in a separate study area is necessary. The epizootological and epidemiological significance of mosquitoes is especially relevant in conditions of migration and adaptation of pathogens to low temperatures and moderate climatic conditions. The article discusses in detail the key features of the fauna and ecology of parasite mosquitoes of the genus Aedes (Diptera, Culicidae), the species composition that lives in natural biotopes and in urban conditions of the Kaluga region is indicated.

The main method for the successful prevention and treatment of chicken eimeriosis is the development of new highly effective anticoccidia drugs. It is known that the toxicological characteristics of drugs is very important in the choice of the drug. In this regard, knowledge of toxicity parameters is necessary for its introduction into the market. This article describes the toxicological characteristics of the new anticoccidic drug Decvicox in broilers. The studies were carried out in vivarium conditions in All-Russian Research Institute fundamental and applied parasitology of plants and animals named after K. I. Skryabin during the period from July to September 2017 on healthy broilers of the Cobb 500 cross. The birds were kept in a group method in two-tier birdcages (5 animals each). Before the start of the experiment, the chickens were divided into 4 similar groups (3 experimental and 1 control of 15 goals, respectively). The subchronic toxicity of the drug Decvicox was evaluated in accordance with the guidelines for the experimental (preclinical) study of new pharmacological substances. The chickens of the experimental groups were given the drug in a group way with water for drinking for 60 days at a therapeutic dose, as well as three and five times higher doses. Toxicological properties were evaluated by the dynamics of changes in bird body weight, as well as on the basis of morphological and biochemical blood tests in comparison with individuals who did not receive drugs. As a result of studies, it was found that the use of the drug in therapeutic, three- and five times therapeutic doses for 60 days does not cause clinical changes in the condition of chickens. In all groups treated with the drug, no deviations of body weight were detected in comparison with the control group. The clinical status data are confirmed by hematological studies, which indicate that prolonged use of the drug Decvicox does not adversely effect on the morphological and biochemical parameters of the bird.

The host-parasite relationships were studied in dogs with dipylidiosis in the lowland region of Dagestan. In experiments, there were five outbred puppies of three months of age. Each puppy was fed 100 samples of canine flea (Stenocephalus canis) invaded by D. caninum cysticercoids. Clinical observations and hematological studies of puppies were carried out on 15, 30, 60, 90 days after that. In dogs, as the clinical signs increased, blood parameters sharply worsened. So, on the 15th, 30th, 60th, 90th day of invasion, the the hemoglobin concentration was by 8.9 % (P <0.05), 12.3 %, 24.5 %, and 27 ,8 % respectively; the erythrocytes level by 5.7 % (P <0.05), – 9.5 %, – 12.6 %, – 12.7 % less, and the leukocytes number by 25.8 %, – 32 %, – 22.2 %, – 18.3 % more indicators of intact animals. In the leukocyte formula, young neutrophils and eosinophilia were noted. After deworming with Fenbendazole, blood counts in puppies of the experimental group gradually improved, and on the 120th day they reached the level of healthy dogs

A study on the use of cell therapy using an undivided population of bone marrow cells as a therapy for streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in mice line C57Bl/6 was conducted from 2013 to 2014. We presented the results of the assessment of migration activity, engraftment, and distribution of an undivided bone marrow stem cell population in the body of female mice recipient line C57Bl/6 with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (type 1). Using polymerase chain reaction, the migration and distribution of donor cells in the organs of female recipients were studied. To identify the accumulation and distribution of transplanted donor GFP cells, a histological examination was performed. It was shown that an undivided population of bone marrow stem cells not only migrates and is distributed in the affected area, but also affects its regeneration. As a result, this therapeutic approach can become the basis for the development of methods and methods of cell therapy in regenerative medicine and veterinary medicine. This can further contribute to the development of new technologies and tools for the treatment and maintenance of patients with severe pathology, not only in veterinary medicine, but also in human medicine.

Dysplasia of the elbow joint in dogs is the most common pathology in the area of the thoracic limb. The variability of pathomorphological transformations in the elbow joint causes the complexity of diagnosis and the choice of correction method. The article presents the results of studies of the features of x-ray and tomographic verification of the elbow joint discongruence in dogs with dysplasia, as well as a comparison of the effectiveness of these methods. The article presents an analysis of the results of 26 tomographic and x-ray studies in 13 dogs with various degrees of elbow dysplasia. The obtained data allowed us to identify the most common radiographic and tomographic semiotics of pathology, which was the basis for comparing the effectiveness of verification of the degree of osteoarthritis based on the results of these research methods. It was found that the elbow joint discongruence is associated with the fragmentation of the medial coronal and hook-like processes, as well as the presence of a «step» between the articular surfaces of the ulnar and radial bones. Osteoarthritis and osteochondrosis of various degrees were detected in all animals based on the results of tomography. The use of radiographic studies does not fully allow for a full assessment of the condition of the elbow joint. At the same time, three-dimensional modeling based on computed tomography results is a valuable tool for planning treatment of animals with this pathology.

The aim of the work is to study the effect of drugs Abiopeptide and Ferropeptide on histomorphological indicators of muscle tissue and internal organs (liver, heart, spleen) of guinea fowls. The experiment was carried out in the vivarium of the Department of Parasitology and Veterinary Sanitary Expertise of the Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology named K. I. Scriabin. Of the guinea fowls of the breed Zagorsk white-breasted speckled, acquired at the daily age at the Zagorsk experimental-breeding farm, on the principle of analogues, taking into account the weight, three groups of 15 heads each were formed. Guinea fowl of the first group were the control and received the basic ration. The second and third groups from the age of 5 days received Abiopeptide and Ferropeptide preparations in a dosage of 1.0 ml per 1 kg of live weight with the water. The drugs were given individually. At the end of the experiment, poultry were slaughtered for histological examination according to GOST R 33853-2010 «Poultry meat. Methods of histological and microscopic analysis». According to the research it was found that the use of drugs did not adversely affect the structure of the internal organs of the poultry. The liver morphology was not disturbed. The beam structure of the liver was preserved in the birds of all experimental groups. Hepatic lobules were of small size. The beams were short, consist of 1-2 rows of cells, located at a short distance from each other. The structure of the liver guinea fowl of the control group was broken. The overall morphofunctional state of the organs reffected moderately pronounced protein and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes, as well as acute arterial and venous hyperemia. According to the results of studies of muscle tissue, heart and spleen, the differences between the experimental and control groups were not established, the microstructure of tissues was within the physiological norm for this type of bird.

The analysis of the physiological state of the so-iuy mullet of the Azov-Black sea basin at different periods of the life cycle is carried out. Metabolic parameters in the period of growth and maturation of so-iuy mullet are estimated. A comparative analysis of the state of the producers of so-iuy mullet living in the waters of the Far East and the Azov-Black sea basin is made. So-iuy mullet from the azov population showed a higher rate of somatic growth and the level of reserve substances in the tissues. The fat content in the liver and muscles of azov fish was 1.5 times higher than the value of this indicator in introducers. Diagnostic indicators of normally ripening so-iuy mullet producers for their possible use in reproduction are given. By the content of whey protein (not less than 6 g%), lipids (not less than 900 mg%) and cholesterol (not less than 500 mg%) in the blood serum we can say the readiness of females and males for spawning. By the content of trophic substances in the liver (content lipids not less than 30 %) and muscles (not less than 9 %) we can say about the quality of feeding of fish, according to the activity of factors of humoral immunity (the content of immunoglobulins) - about the body›s response to environmental influences. A high level of fat-soluble antioxidants, in particular carotenoids, characterizes the reproductive stability of fish.

The goal was to analyze the epizootic situation of bees varroatosis in private apiaries of the Udmurt Republic. The work was carried out in apiaries located in the Zavyalovsky district. Bees were kept in single-hull twelve-frame hives located at a distance of 2-3 meters from each other. Twice a year for preventive purposes, bees were treated with Apidez at the rate of 2 strips per 10-12 nesting frames. 30 dead bees were taken from each bee families for counting mites. Apigel and Bipin were used for treatment. Examination of dead bees the mites of a reddish-brown color, belonging to the genus Var roa were revealed. Еhe extensity of the infestation of bee colonies was 85.7 %, and the intensity of the infestation was on average 0.25 copies per one bee. The actual prevalence of bees with varroatosis was higher than noted in the reporting documents. This is due to the fact that owners of private apiaries do not conduct research at the veterinary diagnostic center. The dependence of climatic conditions with the incidence of bees by ticks from the genus Varroa has been established. The effectiveness of treating bees from varroatosis using the Apigel and Bipin preparations was determined.